Готовимся к проверке кода для ротирования списка словарей "Python Requests And Proxies"

Объект Requests (см. Python Requests And Proxies) позволяет создать словарь прокси-серверов по типам(http,https,ftp), если в запросе requests.get(url, proxies=proxy) указать ссылку на словарь (proxy), то, в зависимости от типа url запроса подключится тот или иной прокси. А если сформировать список словарей, то его можно ротировать и подключать разные прокси. Здесь есть соответсвующие примеры кода, ссылки на сервисы hidemyass, whatismyproxy. Все готово к проверке кода.

Здесь я хотел опробовать код для простейшего прокси-ротатора с Requests, но сначала пришлост прочитать документацию по библиотеке, а потом еще поискать статьи и примеры кода. Выяснилось, что наиболее "сложной" представляется задача перебора списка прокси...
Потому решил поискать альтернативы и все время отвлекался во время работы... Поэтому здесь так много "посторонних" ссылок...

Вот статеййка 2011 года на Хабре, она ценна комментариями. Из нее ясно, что уж если изучать, то urllib3
Библиотека для упрощения HTTP-запросов

Эти инструменты и ссылки понадобятся для экспериментов

This document covers some of Requests more advanced features
Free proxy list
whatismyip
Request sessionapi
Python: How to use requests library to access a url through several different proxy servers?
request-and-response-objects
Python Requests And Proxies

Последняя ссылка One of Requests' most popular features is its simple proxying support. HTTP as a protocol has very well-defined semantics for dealing with proxies, and this has lead to widespread deployment of HTTP proxies.
Из интересного блога, в самой статье Python Requests And Proxies естьссылка на mitmproxy - сниффер, в котором можно менять заголовки на лету... он консольный и на Питоне..., про него я вряд ли прочитаю в ближайшее время...
А вот статья Python web scraping resource полна полезных примеров, в ближайшее время с ней надо познакомится...

In [3]:

import requests

Здесь есть тонкости request-and-response-objects:

Whenever a call is made to requests.get() and friends you are doing two major things. First, you are constructing a Request object which will be sent off to a server to request or query some resource.
Second, a Response object is generated once requests gets a response back from the server. The Response object contains all of the information returned by the server and also contains the Request object you created originally. Here is a simple request to get some very important information from Wikipedia’s servers:

In [4]:

r = requests.get('http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python')

Таким образом, переменная 'r' далее соответсвует объекту Response... со всеми нижевытекающими примерами (последствиями)

In [19]:

r.headers

Out[19]:

CaseInsensitiveDict({'content-length': '64729', 'x-varnish': '2849129271 2839920916, 2306909118, 3542678379', 'content-language': 'en', 'x-cache': 'cp1054 hit (1), amssq51 miss (0), amssq56 frontend miss (0)', 'content-encoding': 'gzip', 'set-cookie': 'GeoIP=RU:Moscow:55.7522:37.6156:v4; Path=/; Domain=.wikipedia.org', 'accept-ranges': 'bytes', 'vary': 'Accept-Encoding,Cookie', 'server': 'Apache', 'last-modified': 'Sun, 25 May 2014 14:11:02 GMT', 'connection': 'keep-alive', 'via': '1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish', 'x-ua-compatible': 'IE=Edge', 'cache-control': 'private, s-maxage=0, max-age=0, must-revalidate', 'date': 'Tue, 27 May 2014 16:04:17 GMT', 'x-content-type-options': 'nosniff', 'content-type': 'text/html; charset=UTF-8', 'age': '6299'})

However, if we want to get the headers we sent the server, we simply access the request, and then the request’s headers:

Внимание, это команда для того, чтобы посмотреть HTTP заголовки собственного запроса¶

In [20]:

r.request.headers

Out[20]:

CaseInsensitiveDict({'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, compress', 'Accept': '*/*', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.2.1 CPython/2.7.5 Windows/8'})

А это HTTP заголовки ответа сервера¶

In [7]:

r.headers.iteritems

Out[7]:

<bound method CaseInsensitiveDict.iteritems of CaseInsensitiveDict({'content-length': '64729', 'x-varnish': '2849129271 2839920916, 2307774661 2306909118, 1622714390', 'content-language': 'en', 'x-cache': 'cp1054 hit (1), amssq51 hit (12), amssq49 frontend miss (0)', 'content-encoding': 'gzip', 'set-cookie': 'GeoIP=RU:Moscow:55.7522:37.6156:v4; Path=/; Domain=.wikipedia.org', 'accept-ranges': 'bytes', 'vary': 'Accept-Encoding,Cookie', 'server': 'Apache', 'last-modified': 'Sun, 25 May 2014 14:11:02 GMT', 'connection': 'keep-alive', 'via': '1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish', 'x-ua-compatible': 'IE=Edge', 'cache-control': 'private, s-maxage=0, max-age=0, must-revalidate', 'date': 'Tue, 27 May 2014 16:23:29 GMT', 'x-content-type-options': 'nosniff', 'content-type': 'text/html; charset=UTF-8', 'age': '7452'})>

Вариантов отображения (форматирования) заголовков много. Выше был JSON...

In [24]:

from IPython.display import HTML

In []:

# Здесь я попытался загрузить страницу вот так
HTML(r.text)
# Все получилось, но подгрузились скрипты из Википедии, которые поломали интерфейс Notebook
# Так что пришлось обойтись более простой командой

In [5]:

r.text

Out[5]:

u'<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs">\n<head>\n<meta charset="UTF-8" />\n<title>Monty Python - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>\n<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.24wmf5" />\n<link rel="alternate" href="android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" />\n<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit" />\n<link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit" />\n<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//bits.wikimedia.org/apple-touch/wikipedia.png" />\n<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//bits.wikimedia.org/favicon/wikipedia.ico" />\n<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)" />\n<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd" />\n<link rel="copyright" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" />\n<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom" />\n<link rel="canonical" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" />\n<link rel="stylesheet" href="//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=ext.gadget.DRN-wizard%2CReferenceTooltips%2Ccharinsert%2CrefToolbar%2Cteahouse%7Cext.rtlcite%2Cwikihiero%7Cext.uls.nojs%7Cext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.noscript%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector&amp;*" />\n<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="" />\n<link rel="stylesheet" href="//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=site&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector&amp;*" />\n<style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none}\n/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:3904d24a08aa08f6a68dc338f9be277e */</style>\n<script src="//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;skin=vector&amp;*"></script>\n<script>if(window.mw){\nmw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Monty_Python","wgTitle":"Monty Python","wgCurRevisionId":609662838,"wgRevisionId":609662838,"wgArticleId":18942,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2014","Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters","Use dmy dates from July 2012","Articles with DMOZ links","British comedy troupes","British television comedy","Surreal comedy","Monty Python","Virgin Records artists","Arista Records artists","European Film Awards winners (people)","Charisma Records artists","1969 establishments in England","1983 disestablishments in England"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"Monty_Python","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"hidesig":true,"preview":false,"previewDialog":false,"publish":false},"wgBetaFeaturesFeatures":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":false,"wgVisualEditor":{"isPageWatched":false,"magnifyClipIconURL":"//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png","pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","svgMaxSize":2048},"wikilove-recipient":"","wikilove-anon":0,"wgGuidedTourHelpGuiderUrl":"Help:Guided tours/guider","wgFlowTermsOfUseEdit":"By saving changes, you agree to our \\u003Ca class=\\"external text\\" href=\\"//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_use\\"\\u003ETerms of Use\\u003C/a\\u003E and agree to irrevocably release your text under the \\u003Ca rel=\\"nofollow\\" class=\\"external text\\" href=\\"//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0\\"\\u003ECC BY-SA 3.0 License\\u003C/a\\u003E and \\u003Ca class=\\"external text\\" href=\\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License\\"\\u003EGFDL\\u003C/a\\u003E","wgFlowTermsOfUseSummarize":"By clicking \\"Summarize\\", you agree to the terms of use for this wiki.","wgFlowTermsOfUseCloseTopic":"By clicking \\"Close topic\\", you agree to the terms of use for this wiki.","wgFlowTermsOfUseReopenTopic":"By clicking \\"Reopen topic\\", you agree to the terms of use for this wiki.","wgULSAcceptLanguageList":["en-us"],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1,"quality":2,"pristine":3}}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\\"mode\\":0,\\"hideprefix\\":20,\\"showcount\\":true,\\"namespaces\\":false}","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgWikibaseItemId":"Q16402"});\n}</script><script>if(window.mw){\nmw.loader.implement("user.options",function($,jQuery){mw.user.options.set({"ccmeonemails":0,"cols":80,"date":"default","diffonly":0,"disablemail":0,"editfont":"default","editondblclick":0,"editsectiononrightclick":0,"enotifminoredits":0,"enotifrevealaddr":0,"enotifusertalkpages":1,"enotifwatchlistpages":0,"extendwatchlist":0,"fancysig":0,"forceeditsummary":0,"gender":"unknown","hideminor":0,"hidepatrolled":0,"imagesize":2,"math":0,"minordefault":0,"newpageshidepatrolled":0,"nickname":"","norollbackdiff":0,"numberheadings":0,"previewonfirst":0,"previewontop":1,"rcdays":7,"rclimit":50,"rows":25,"showhiddencats":false,"shownumberswatching":1,"showtoolbar":1,"skin":"vector","stubthreshold":0,"thumbsize":4,"underline":2,"uselivepreview":0,"usenewrc":0,"watchcreations":1,"watchdefault":0,"watchdeletion":0,"watchlistdays":3,"watchlisthideanons":0,"watchlisthidebots":0,"watchlisthideliu":0,"watchlisthideminor":0,"watchlisthideown":0,"watchlisthidepatrolled":0,"watchmoves":0,"wllimit":250,\n"useeditwarning":1,"prefershttps":1,"flaggedrevssimpleui":1,"flaggedrevsstable":0,"flaggedrevseditdiffs":true,"flaggedrevsviewdiffs":false,"usebetatoolbar":1,"usebetatoolbar-cgd":1,"multimediaviewer-enable":true,"visualeditor-enable":0,"visualeditor-betatempdisable":0,"visualeditor-enable-experimental":0,"visualeditor-enable-language":0,"visualeditor-hidebetawelcome":0,"wikilove-enabled":1,"mathJax":false,"echo-subscriptions-web-page-review":true,"echo-subscriptions-email-page-review":false,"ep_showtoplink":false,"ep_bulkdelorgs":false,"ep_bulkdelcourses":true,"ep_showdyk":true,"echo-subscriptions-web-education-program":true,"echo-subscriptions-email-education-program":false,"echo-notify-show-link":true,"echo-show-alert":true,"echo-email-frequency":0,"echo-email-format":"html","echo-subscriptions-email-system":true,"echo-subscriptions-web-system":true,"echo-subscriptions-email-other":false,"echo-subscriptions-web-other":true,"echo-subscriptions-email-edit-user-talk":false,\n"echo-subscriptions-web-edit-user-talk":true,"echo-subscriptions-email-reverted":false,"echo-subscriptions-web-reverted":true,"echo-subscriptions-email-article-linked":false,"echo-subscriptions-web-article-linked":false,"echo-subscriptions-email-mention":false,"echo-subscriptions-web-mention":true,"echo-subscriptions-web-edit-thank":true,"echo-subscriptions-email-edit-thank":false,"echo-subscriptions-web-flow-discussion":true,"echo-subscriptions-email-flow-discussion":false,"gettingstarted-task-toolbar-show-intro":true,"uls-preferences":"","language":"en","variant-gan":"gan","variant-iu":"iu","variant-kk":"kk","variant-ku":"ku","variant-shi":"shi","variant-sr":"sr","variant-tg":"tg","variant-uz":"uz","variant-zh":"zh","searchNs0":true,"searchNs1":false,"searchNs2":false,"searchNs3":false,"searchNs4":false,"searchNs5":false,"searchNs6":false,"searchNs7":false,"searchNs8":false,"searchNs9":false,"searchNs10":false,"searchNs11":false,"searchNs12":false,"searchNs13":false,"searchNs14":\nfalse,"searchNs15":false,"searchNs100":false,"searchNs101":false,"searchNs108":false,"searchNs109":false,"searchNs118":false,"searchNs119":false,"searchNs446":false,"searchNs447":false,"searchNs710":false,"searchNs711":false,"searchNs828":false,"searchNs829":false,"gadget-teahouse":1,"gadget-ReferenceTooltips":1,"gadget-DRN-wizard":1,"gadget-charinsert":1,"gadget-refToolbar":1,"gadget-mySandbox":1,"variant":"en"});},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function($,jQuery){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\\\","patrolToken":false,"watchToken":false});},{},{});\n/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:369915ab579125627842c0da1e18ba20 */\n}</script>\n<script>if(window.mw){\nmw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","skins.vector.compactPersonalBar.defaultTracking","ext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.init","ext.uls.init","ext.uls.interface","ext.centralNotice.bannerController","skins.vector.js"]);\n}</script>\n<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /><!--[if lt IE 7]><style type="text/css">body{behavior:url("/w/static-1.24wmf5/skins/vector/csshover.min.htc")}</style><![endif]--></head>\n<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Monty_Python skin-vector action-view vector-animateLayout">\n\t\t<div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>\n\t\t<div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>\n\t\t<div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">\n\t\t\t<a id="top"></a>\n\n\t\t\t<div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Monty Python</span></h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="contentSub"></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">\n\t\t\t\t\tJump to:\t\t\t\t\t<a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, \t\t\t\t\t<a href="#p-search">search</a>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">"Pythonesque" redirects here. For the play by Roy Smiles, see <a href="/wiki/Pythonesque_(play)" title="Pythonesque (play)">Pythonesque (play)</a>.</div>\n<table class="infobox vcard" cellspacing="3" style="border-spacing:3px;width:22em;">\n<tr>\n<th colspan="2" class="fn org" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:#007BA7;color:white;;">Monty Python</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flyingcircus_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Flyingcircus 2.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Flyingcircus_2.jpg/275px-Flyingcircus_2.jpg" width="275" height="206" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cb/Flyingcircus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cb/Flyingcircus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a>\n<div>The Python troupe in 1969<br />\nBack row: <a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Eric Idle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a><br />\nFront row: <a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a></div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><span title="How this comedian performs, e.g. stand-up comedy, film or television actor, etc.">Medium</span></th>\n<td class="category">Television, film, theatre,<br />\n<a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">audio recordings</a>, books</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Nationality</th>\n<td>British<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Years active</th>\n<td>1969\u20131983; 2013\u20132014</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_genres" title="Comedy genres" class="mw-redirect">Genres</a></th>\n<td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">surreal humour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dark_comedy" title="Dark comedy" class="mw-redirect">dark comedy</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Influences</th>\n<td><a href="/wiki/The_Goons" title="The Goons" class="mw-redirect">The Goons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spike_Milligan" title="Spike Milligan">Spike Milligan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller" title="Jonathan Miller">Jonathan Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Notable works and roles</th>\n<td><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python\'s Flying Circus">Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</a></i> (1969\u20131974)<br />\n<i><a href="/wiki/And_Now_for_Something_Completely_Different" title="And Now for Something Completely Different">And Now for Something Completely Different</a></i> (1971)<br />\n<i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a></i> (1975)<br />\n<i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python\'s Life of Brian">Monty Python\'s Life of Brian</a></i> (1979)<br />\n<i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_the_Hollywood_Bowl" title="Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl">Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl</a></i> (1982)<br />\n<i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life" title="Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life">Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life</a></i> (1983)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Members</th>\n<td><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a><br />\n<a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a><br />\n<a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Eric Idle</a><br />\n<a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a><br />\n<a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Former members</th>\n<td><a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a> (deceased)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Website</th>\n<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pythonline.com/">PythOnline</a></td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n<p><b>Monty Python</b> (sometimes known as <b>The Pythons</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> are a British <a href="/wiki/Surreal_comedy" title="Surreal comedy" class="mw-redirect">surreal comedy</a> group that created <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python\'s Flying Circus">Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</a></i>, a British television comedy sketch show that first aired on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> on 5 October 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series. The Python phenomenon developed from the television series into something larger in scope and impact, spawning touring stage shows, films, numerous albums, several books and a stage musical as well as launching the members to individual stardom. The group\'s influence on comedy has been compared to <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>\' influence on music.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<p>The television series, broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974, was conceived, written and performed by members <a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Eric Idle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a>. Loosely structured as a sketch show, but with an innovative <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_writing" title="Stream of consciousness writing" class="mw-redirect">stream-of-consciousness</a> approach (aided by Gilliam\'s animation), it pushed the boundaries of what was acceptable in style and content.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> A self-contained comedy team responsible for both writing and performing their work, the Pythons had creative control which allowed them to experiment with form and content, discarding rules of television comedy. Their influence on British comedy has been apparent for years, while in North America it has coloured the work of cult performers from the early editions of <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i> through to more recent <a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">absurdist</a> trends in television comedy. "<a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pythonesque" class="extiw" title="wikt:Pythonesque">Pythonesque</a>" has entered the English lexicon as a result.</p>\n<p>In a 2005 UK poll to find <i>The Comedian\'s Comedian</i>, three of the six Pythons members were voted by fellow comedians and comedy insiders to be among the top 50 greatest comedians ever: Cleese at #2, Idle at #21, and Palin at #30.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<p></p>\n<div id="toc" class="toc">\n<div id="toctitle">\n<h2>Contents</h2>\n</div>\n<ul>\n<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Before_Flying_Circus"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Before <i>Flying Circus</i></span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Monty_Python.27s_Flying_Circus"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i></span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Development_of_the_series"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Development of the series</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Style_of_the_show"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Style of the show</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Introduction_to_North_America"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Introduction to North America</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Cleese_departs.3B_The_circus_closes"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cleese departs; The circus closes</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Life_after_the_Flying_Circus"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Life after the <i>Flying Circus</i></span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Filmography"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Filmography</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#And_Now_for_Something_Completely_Different_.281971.29"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>And Now for Something Completely Different</i> (1971)</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail_.281975.29"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Monty Python and the Holy Grail</i> (1975)</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Monty_Python.27s_Life_of_Brian_.281979.29"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Monty Python\'s Life of Brian</i> (1979)</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Monty_Python_Live_at_the_Hollywood_Bowl_.281982.29"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.4</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl</i> (1982)</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Monty_Python.27s_The_Meaning_of_Life_.281983.29"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life</i> (1983)</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Secret_Policeman.27s_Ball_benefit_shows"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Secret Policeman\'s Ball</i> benefit shows</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Going_solo"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Going solo</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Post-Python_reunions"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Post-Python reunions</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Python_members"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Python members</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Associate_Pythons"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Associate Pythons</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Other_contributors"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other contributors</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Cultural_influence"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural influence</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Space"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Space</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#World_records"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">World records</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#.22Pythonesque.22"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">"Pythonesque"</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Things_named_after_Monty_Python"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Things named after Monty Python</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Television"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Television</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Films"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Films</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Albums"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Albums</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Theatre"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Theatre</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Games"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Games</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>\n<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<p></p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Before_Flying_Circus">Before <i>Flying Circus</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Before Flying Circus">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>\n<p>Jones and Palin met at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" title="Oxford University" class="mw-redirect">Oxford University</a>, where they performed together with the <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Revue" title="The Oxford Revue">Oxford Revue</a>. Chapman and Cleese met at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" title="Cambridge University" class="mw-redirect">Cambridge University</a>. Idle was also at Cambridge, but started a year after Chapman and Cleese. Cleese met Gilliam in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> while on tour with the <a href="/wiki/Footlights" title="Footlights">Cambridge University Footlights</a> <a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">revue</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Footlights_Revue" title="Cambridge Footlights Revue">Cambridge Circus</a></i> (originally entitled <i>A Clump of Plinths</i>). Chapman, Cleese and Idle were members of the Footlights, which at that time also included the future <i><a href="/wiki/The_Goodies" title="The Goodies">Goodies</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tim_Brooke-Taylor" title="Tim Brooke-Taylor">Tim Brooke-Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Oddie" title="Bill Oddie">Bill Oddie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Garden" title="Graeme Garden">Graeme Garden</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Lynn" title="Jonathan Lynn">Jonathan Lynn</a> (co-writer of <i><a href="/wiki/Yes_Minister" title="Yes Minister">Yes Minister</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yes_Minister" title="Yes Minister">Yes, Prime Minister</a></i>). During Idle\'s presidency of the Club, feminist writer <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> and broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Clive_James" title="Clive James">Clive James</a> were members. Recordings of Footlights revues (called "Smokers") at <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge" title="Pembroke College, Cambridge">Pembroke College</a> include sketches and performances by Cleese and Idle. They are kept in the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Players" title="Pembroke Players">Pembroke Players</a>, along with tapes of Idle\'s performances in some of the college drama society\'s theatrical productions.</p>\n<p>All six Python members appeared in and/or wrote the following shows before <i>Flying Circus.</i> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frost_Report" title="The Frost Report">The Frost Report</a></i> is credited as first uniting the British Pythons and providing an environment in which they could develop their particular styles:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Sorry,_I%27ll_Read_That_Again" title="I\'m Sorry, I\'ll Read That Again">I\'m Sorry, I\'ll Read That Again</a></i> (radio) (1964\u20131973) [Cleese: cast member &amp; writer] \u2013 [Idle and Chapman: writers]</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Frost_Report" title="The Frost Report">The Frost Report</a></i> (1966\u20131967) [Cleese: cast member and writer] \u2013 [Idle: writer of Frost\'s monologues] \u2013 [Chapman, Palin and Jones: writers]</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/At_Last_the_1948_Show" title="At Last the 1948 Show">At Last the 1948 Show</a></i> (1967) [Chapman and Cleese: writers and cast members] \u2013 [Idle: writer]</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Twice_a_Fortnight" title="Twice a Fortnight">Twice a Fortnight</a></i> (1967) [Palin and Jones: cast members and writers]</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Do_Not_Adjust_Your_Set" title="Do Not Adjust Your Set">Do Not Adjust Your Set</a></i> (1967\u20131969) [Idle, Jones, and Palin: cast members &amp; writers] \u2013 [Gilliam: animation]<br />\n\u2014 <a href="/wiki/Bonzo_Dog_Band" title="Bonzo Dog Band" class="mw-redirect">Bonzo Dog Band</a>: musical interludes]</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Have_Ways_of_Making_You_Laugh_(TV_series)" title="We Have Ways of Making You Laugh (TV series)">We Have Ways of Making You Laugh</a></i> (1968) [Idle: cast member &amp; writer] \u2013 [Gilliam: animation]</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Irritate_People" title="How to Irritate People">How to Irritate People</a></i> (1968) [Cleese and Chapman: cast members &amp; writers] \u2013 [Palin: cast member]</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_and_Utter_History_of_Britain" title="The Complete and Utter History of Britain">The Complete and Utter History of Britain</a></i> (1969) [Palin and Jones: cast members &amp; writers]</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_in_the_House_(TV_series)" title="Doctor in the House (TV series)">Doctor in the House</a></i> (1969) [Cleese &amp; Chapman: writers]</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Several featured other important British comedy writers or performers of the future, including <a href="/wiki/Marty_Feldman" title="Marty Feldman">Marty Feldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Lynn" title="Jonathan Lynn">Jonathan Lynn</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Jason" title="David Jason">David Jason</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Frost" title="David Frost">David Frost</a>, as well as members of other future comedy teams including <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Corbett" title="Ronnie Corbett">Ronnie Corbett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Barker" title="Ronnie Barker">Ronnie Barker</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Two_Ronnies" title="The Two Ronnies">the Two Ronnies</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Brooke-Taylor" title="Tim Brooke-Taylor">Tim Brooke-Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Garden" title="Graeme Garden">Graeme Garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Oddie" title="Bill Oddie">Bill Oddie</a> (the Goodies).</p>\n<p>Following the success of <i><a href="/wiki/Do_Not_Adjust_Your_Set" title="Do Not Adjust Your Set">Do Not Adjust Your Set</a></i>, originally intended to be a children\'s programme, with adults, <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> offered Gilliam, Idle, Jones, and Palin their own series together. At the same time, Chapman and Cleese were offered a show by the BBC, which had been impressed by their work on <i>The Frost Report</i> and <i>At Last The 1948 Show</i>. Cleese was reluctant to do a <a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">two-man show</a> for various reasons, including Chapman\'s supposedly difficult personality. Cleese had fond memories of working with Palin and invited him to join the team. With the ITV series still in pre-production, Palin agreed and suggested the involvement of his writing partner Jones and colleague Idle\u2014who in turn suggested that Gilliam could provide animations for the projected series. Much has been made of the fact that the Monty Python troupe is the result of Cleese\'s desire to work with Palin and the chance circumstances that brought the other four members into the fold.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Monty_Python.27s_Flying_Circus"><i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Monty Python\'s Flying Circus">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>\n<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python\'s Flying Circus">Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</a></div>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Development_of_the_series">Development of the series</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Development of the series">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>The Pythons had a definite idea about what they wanted to do with the series. They were admirers of the work of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller" title="Jonathan Miller">Jonathan Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Fringe" title="Beyond the Fringe">Beyond the Fringe</a></i>, and had worked on <i>Frost</i>, which was similar in style.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> They enjoyed Cook and Moore\'s sketch show <i><a href="/wiki/Not_Only..._But_Also" title="Not Only... But Also">Not Only... But Also</a></i>. One problem the Pythons perceived with these programmes was that though the body of the sketch would be strong, the writers would often struggle to then find a punchline funny enough to end on, and this would detract from the overall sketch quality. They decided that they would simply not bother to "cap" their sketches in the traditional manner, and early episodes of the Flying Circus series make great play of this abandonment of the punchline (one scene has Cleese turn to Idle, as the sketch descends into chaos, and remark that "This is the silliest sketch I\'ve ever been in"\u2014they all resolve not to carry on and simply walk off the set).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> However, as they began assembling material for the show, the Pythons watched one of their collective heroes, <a href="/wiki/Spike_Milligan" title="Spike Milligan">Spike Milligan</a>, recording his groundbreaking series <i><a href="/wiki/Q_(TV_series)" title="Q (TV series)" class="mw-redirect">Q5</a></i> (1969). Not only was the programme more irreverent and anarchic than any previous television comedy, Milligan would often "give up" on sketches halfway through and wander off set (often muttering "Did I write this?"). It was clear that their new series would now seem less original, and Jones in particular became determined the Pythons should innovate.</p>\n<p>After much debate, Jones remembered an animation Gilliam had created for <i>Do Not Adjust Your Set</i> called <i>Beware of the Elephants</i>, which had intrigued him with its stream-of-consciousness style. Jones felt it would be a good concept to apply to the series: allowing sketches to blend into one another. Palin had been equally fascinated by another of Gilliam\'s efforts, entitled <i>Christmas Cards</i>, and agreed that it represented "a way of doing things differently". Since Cleese, Chapman and Idle were less concerned with the overall flow of the programme, it was Jones, Palin and Gilliam who became largely responsible for the presentation style of the <i>Flying Circus</i> series, in which disparate sketches are linked to give each episode the appearance of a single stream-of-consciousness (often using a Gilliam animation to move from the closing image of one sketch to the opening scene of another).</p>\n<p>Writing started at 9&#160;am and finished at 5&#160;pm. Typically, Cleese and Chapman worked as one pair isolated from the others, as did Jones and Palin, while Idle wrote alone. After a few days, they would join together with Gilliam, critique their scripts, and exchange ideas. Their approach to writing was democratic. If the majority found an idea humorous, it was included in the show. The casting of roles for the sketches was a similarly unselfish process, since each member viewed himself primarily as a \'writer\', rather than an actor desperate for screen time. When the themes for sketches were chosen, Gilliam had <a href="/wiki/Blank_cheque" title="Blank cheque">carte blanche</a> to decide how to bridge them with animations, using a camera, scissors, and airbrush.</p>\n<p>While the show was a collaborative process, different factions within Python were responsible for elements of the team\'s humour. In general, the work of the Oxford-educated members (Jones and Palin) was more visual, and more fanciful conceptually (e.g., the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> in a suburban front room), while the Cambridge graduates\' sketches tended to be more verbal and more aggressive (for example, Cleese and Chapman\'s many "confrontation" sketches, where one character intimidates or hurls abuse, or Idle\'s characters with bizarre verbal quirks, such as The Man Who Speaks In <a href="/wiki/Anagram" title="Anagram">Anagrams</a>). Cleese confirmed that "most of the sketches with heavy abuse were Graham\'s and mine, anything that started with a slow pan across countryside and impressive music was Mike and Terry\'s, and anything that got utterly involved with words and disappeared up any personal orifice was Eric\'s".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Gilliam\'s animations, meanwhile, ranged from the whimsical to the savage (the cartoon format allowing him to create some astonishingly violent scenes without fear of censorship).</p>\n<p>Several names for the show were considered before <i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i> was settled upon. Some were <i>Owl Stretching Time</i>; <i>The Toad Elevating Moment</i>; <i>A Horse, a Spoon and a Bucket</i>; <i>Vaseline Review</i>; and <i>Bun, Wackett, Buzzard, Stubble and Boot</i>. <i>Flying Circus</i> stuck when the BBC explained it had printed that name in its schedules and was not prepared to amend it. Many variations on the name in front of this title then came and went (popular legend holds that the BBC considered <i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i> to be a ridiculous name, at which point the group threatened to change their name every week until the BBC relented). <i>Gwen Dibley\'s Flying Circus</i> was named after a woman Palin had read about in the newspaper, thinking it would be amusing if she were to discover she had her own TV show. <i>Baron Von Took\'s Flying Circus</i> was considered as an affectionate tribute to <a href="/wiki/Barry_Took" title="Barry Took">Barry Took</a>, the man who had brought them together. <i>Arthur Megapode\'s Flying Circus</i> was suggested, then discarded. The name <i>Baron Von Took\'s Flying Circus</i> had the form of <i><a href="/wiki/Baron_Manfred_von_Richthofen" title="Baron Manfred von Richthofen" class="mw-redirect">Baron Manfred von Richthofen</a>\'s <a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Richthofen#Flying_Circus" title="Manfred von Richthofen">Flying Circus</a></i> of WWI fame, and the new group was forming in a time when the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guardsmen" title="Royal Guardsmen" class="mw-redirect">Royal Guardsmen</a>\'s 1966 song <a href="/wiki/Snoopy_vs._the_Red_Baron_(song)" title="Snoopy vs. the Red Baron (song)">Snoopy vs. the Red Baron</a> had peaked. The term \'flying circus\' was also another name for the popular entertainment of the 1920s known as <a href="/wiki/Flying_circus" title="Flying circus" class="mw-redirect">barnstorming</a>, where multiple performers collaborated with their stunts to perform a combined set of acts.</p>\n<p>There are differing, somewhat confusing accounts of the origins of the Python name although the members agree that its only "significance" was that they thought it sounded funny. In the 1998 documentary <i>Live At Aspen</i> during the <a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_Festival" title="The Comedy Festival">US Comedy Arts Festival</a>, where the troupe was awarded the AFI Star Award by the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a>, the group implied that "Monty" was selected (<a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Eric Idle</a>\'s idea) as a gently-mocking tribute to <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" title="Field Marshal" class="mw-redirect">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" title="Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">Lord Montgomery</a>, a legendary British general of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; requiring a "slippery-sounding" surname, they settled on "Python". On other occasions Idle has claimed that the name "Monty" was that of a popular and rotund fellow who drank in his local pub; people would often walk in and ask the barman, "Has Monty been in yet?", forcing the name to become stuck in his mind. The name Monty Python was later described by the BBC as being "envisaged by the team as the perfect name for a sleazy entertainment agent".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Style_of_the_show">Style of the show</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Style of the show">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p><i>Flying Circus</i> popularised innovative formal techniques, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_open" title="Cold open">cold open</a>, in which an episode began without the traditional opening titles or announcements.<sup id="cite_ref-MBC_piece_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBC_piece-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> An example of this is the "It\'s" man: Palin, outfitted in <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a> garb, making a tortuous journey across various terrains, before finally approaching the camera to state, "It\'s&#160;...", only to be then cut off by the <a href="/wiki/Title_sequence" title="Title sequence">title sequence</a> and theme music.</p>\n<p>On several occasions the cold open lasted until mid show, after which the regular opening titles ran. Occasionally the Pythons tricked viewers by rolling the <a href="/wiki/Closing_credits" title="Closing credits">closing credits</a> halfway through the show, usually continuing the joke by fading to the familiar <a href="/wiki/History_of_BBC_television_idents" title="History of BBC television idents">globe logo</a> used for BBC continuity, over which Cleese would parody the clipped tones of a BBC announcer. On one occasion the credits ran directly after the opening titles.</p>\n<p>Because of their dislike of finishing with punchlines, they experimented with ending the sketches by cutting abruptly to another scene or animation, walking offstage, addressing the camera (breaking the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_wall" title="Fourth wall">fourth wall</a>), or introducing a totally unrelated event or character. A classic example of this approach was the use of Chapman\'s "anti-silliness" character of "the Colonel," who walked into several sketches and ordered them to be stopped because things were becoming "far too silly."</p>\n<div class="thumb tright">\n<div class="thumbinner" style="width:232px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Monty_python_foot.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Monty_python_foot.png/230px-Monty_python_foot.png" width="230" height="207" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Monty_python_foot.png/345px-Monty_python_foot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Monty_python_foot.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="397" /></a>\n<div class="thumbcaption">\n<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Monty_python_foot.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>\nCupid\'s foot, as used by <i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Another favourite way of ending sketches was to drop a cartoonish "16-ton weight" prop on one of the characters when the sketch seemed to be losing momentum, or a knight in full armour (played by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a>) would wander on-set and hit characters over the head with a rubber chicken,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> before cutting to the next scene. Yet another way of changing scenes was when <a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a>, usually outfitted in a dinner suit, would come in as a radio commentator and, in a rather pompous manner, make the formal and determined announcement, "And now for something completely different." (The phrase became the title of <a href="/wiki/And_Now_For_Something_Completely_Different" title="And Now For Something Completely Different" class="mw-redirect">the first Monty Python film</a>.)</p>\n<p>The Python theme music is <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_(march)" title="Liberty Bell (march)" class="mw-redirect">The Liberty Bell</a></i>, a march by <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a>, which was chosen, among other reasons, because the recording was in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MBC_piece_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBC_piece-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<p>The use of Gilliam\'s <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop motion</a> animations was another innovative intertextual element of the Python style. Many of the images Gilliam used were lifted from famous works of art, and from <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> illustrations and <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a>. The giant foot which crushes the show\'s title at the end of the opening credits is in fact the foot of <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a>, cut from a reproduction of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> masterpiece <i><a href="/wiki/Venus,_Cupid,_Folly_and_Time" title="Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time">Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bronzino" title="Bronzino">Bronzino</a>. This foot, and Gilliam\'s style in general, are <a href="/wiki/Trademark_look" title="Trademark look">visual trademarks</a> of the programme.</p>\n<p>The Pythons used the British tradition of <a href="/wiki/Cross-dress" title="Cross-dress" class="mw-redirect">cross-dressing</a> comedy by donning frocks and makeup and playing female roles themselves while speaking in <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a>. Jones was specialized in playing the working class housewife, Palin and Idle being generally more posh. The other members played female roles more sparsely. Generally speaking, female roles were played by women only when the scene specifically required that the character be sexually attractive (although sometimes they used Idle for this). The troupe later turned to <a href="/wiki/Carol_Cleveland" title="Carol Cleveland">Carol Cleveland</a>, who co-starred in numerous episodes after 1970. In some episodes and later in <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python\'s Life of Brian">Monty Python\'s Life of Brian</a></i> they took the idea one step further by playing women who impersonated men (in the stoning scene).</p>\n<p>Many sketches are well-known and widely quoted. "<a href="/wiki/Dead_Parrot" title="Dead Parrot" class="mw-redirect">Dead Parrot</a>," "<a href="/wiki/The_Lumberjack_Song" title="The Lumberjack Song">The Lumberjack Song</a>," "<a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" title="Spam (Monty Python)">Spam</a>" (which led to the coining of the term <a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">email spam</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Nudge_Nudge" title="Nudge Nudge">Nudge Nudge</a>," "<a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Inquisition_(Monty_Python)" title="The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)">The Spanish Inquisition</a>," "<a href="/wiki/Upper_Class_Twit_of_the_Year" title="Upper Class Twit of the Year">Upper Class Twit of the Year</a>," "<a href="/wiki/Cheese_Shop_sketch" title="Cheese Shop sketch">Cheese Shop</a>," and "<a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Silly_Walks" title="The Ministry of Silly Walks">The Ministry of Silly Walks</a>" are just a few examples.</p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Introduction_to_North_America">Introduction to North America</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Introduction to North America">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC) added <i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i> to its national September 1970 fall lineup.<sup id="cite_ref-FlyingCircusCanada_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlyingCircusCanada-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> They aired the 13 episodes of Series 1, which had first run on the BBC the previous fall (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_episodes#Series_1" title="List of Monty Python\'s Flying Circus episodes">October 1969 to January 1970</a>), as well as the first 6 episodes of Series 2 only a few weeks after they first appeared on the BBC (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_episodes#Series_2" title="List of Monty Python\'s Flying Circus episodes">September to November 1970</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FlyingCircusCanada_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlyingCircusCanada-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> The CBC dropped the show when it returned to regular programming after the Christmas 1970 break, choosing to not place the remaining 7 episodes of series 2 on the January 1971 CBC schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-FlyingCircusCanada_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlyingCircusCanada-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Within a week the CBC received hundreds of calls complaining of the cancellation, and more than 100 people staged a demonstration at the CBC\'s <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> studios.<sup id="cite_ref-FlyingCircusCanada_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlyingCircusCanada-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<p><a href="/wiki/Time-Life_Films" title="Time-Life Films" class="mw-redirect">Time-Life Films</a> had the right to distribute all BBC-TV programs in the United States, however they had decided that British comedy simply would not work in America. Therefore, it was not worth the investment to convert the Python episodes from the European <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> standard to the American <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> standard.</p>\n<p>Sketches from Monty Python\'s Flying Circus were introduced to American audiences in <a href="/wiki/And_Now_for_Something_Completely_Different#American_audiences" title="And Now for Something Completely Different">August 1972</a>, with the release of the Python movie <i><a href="/wiki/And_Now_for_Something_Completely_Different" title="And Now for Something Completely Different">And Now for Something Completely Different</a></i>, featuring sketches from series 1 and 2 of the television show. This 1972 release met limited box office success.</p>\n<p>In the summer of 1974 Ron Devillier, the program director for non-profit <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> television station <a href="/wiki/KERA-TV" title="KERA-TV">KERA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" title="Dallas, Texas" class="mw-redirect">Dallas, Texas</a>, started airing episodes of <i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i>. Ratings shot through the roof, providing an encouraging sign to the other 100 PBS stations that had signed up to begin airing the show in October 1974\u2014exactly 5 years after their BBC debut. There was also cross-promotion from FM radio stations across the country, whose airing of tracks from the Python LPs had already introduced American audiences to this bizarre brand of comedy. The popularity on PBS resulted in the 1974 re-release of the 1972 <i>...&#160;Completely Different</i> movie, with much greater box office success.</p>\n<p>The ability to show <i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i> under the American NTSC standard had been made possible by the commercial actions of American television producer <a href="/wiki/Greg_Garrison" title="Greg Garrison">Greg Garrison</a>. Garrison produced the NBC series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dean_Martin_Comedy_World" title="The Dean Martin Comedy World">The Dean Martin Comedy World</a></i>, which ran during the summer of 1974. The concept was to show clips from comedy shows produced in other countries, including tape of the Python sketches "Bicycle Repairman" and "The Dull Life of a Stockbroker". Payment for use of these two sketches was enough to allow Time-Life Films to convert the entire Python library to NTSC standard, allowing for the sale to the PBS network stations who then brought the entire show to US audiences.</p>\n<p>In 1975 the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a> (ABC) broadcast two ninety-minute <i>Monty Python</i> specials, each with three shows, but cut out a total of 24 minutes from each in part to make time for commercial, in part to avoid upsetting their audience. As the judge observed in <i><a href="/wiki/Gilliam_v._American_Broadcasting" title="Gilliam v. American Broadcasting">Gilliam v. American Broadcasting</a></i>, where Monty Python sued for damages caused by broadcast of the mutilated version, "According to the network, appellants should have anticipated that most of the excised material contained scatological references inappropriate for American television and that these scenes would be replaced with commercials, which presumably are more palatable to the American public." Monty Python won the case.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<p>With the popularity of Python throughout the rest of the 1970s and through most of the 1980s, PBS stations looked at other British comedies, leading to UK shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Are_You_Being_Served" title="Are You Being Served" class="mw-redirect">Are You Being Served</a>?</i> gaining a US audience, and leading, over time, to many PBS stations having a "British Comedy Night" which airs many popular UK comedies.<sup id="cite_ref-StewartStewart1999_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StewartStewart1999-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cleese_departs.3B_The_circus_closes">Cleese departs; The circus closes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Cleese departs; The circus closes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Having considered the possibility at the end of the second series, Cleese left the <i>Flying Circus</i> at the end of the third. He later explained that he felt he no longer had anything fresh to offer the show, and claimed that only two Cleese-and-Chapman-penned sketches in the third series ("Dennis Moore" and the "Cheese Shop") were truly original, and that the others were bits and pieces from previous work cobbled together in slightly different contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> He was also finding Chapman, who was at that point in the full throes of alcoholism, difficult to work with. According to an interview with Idle, "It was on an <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a> flight on the way to <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, when John (Cleese) turned to all of us and said \'I want out.\' Why? I don\'t know. He gets bored more easily than the rest of us. He\'s a difficult man, not easy to be friendly with. He\'s so funny because he never wanted to be liked. That gives him a certain fascinating, arrogant freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<p>The rest of the group carried on for one more "half" series before calling a halt to the programme in 1974. The name <i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i> appears in the opening animation for series four, but in the end credits the show is listed as simply "Monty Python". Although Cleese left the show, he was credited as a writer for three of the six episodes, largely concentrated in the "Michael Ellis" episode, which had begun life as one of the many drafts of the "Holy Grail" motion picture. When a new direction for "Grail" was decided upon, the subplot of Arthur and his knights wandering around a strange department store in modern times was lifted out and recycled as the aforementioned TV episode.</p>\n<p>While the first three series contained 13 episodes each, the fourth ended after just six. Extremely keen to keep the now massively popular show going, the BBC had offered the troupe a full 13 episodes, but the truncated troupe (now under the unspoken \'leadership\' of Terry Jones) had come to a common agreement while writing the fourth season that there was only enough material, and more importantly only enough enthusiasm, to shoot the six that were made.</p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life_after_the_Flying_Circus">Life after the <i>Flying Circus</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Life after the Flying Circus">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Filmography">Filmography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="And_Now_for_Something_Completely_Different_.281971.29"><i>And Now for Something Completely Different</i> (1971)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: And Now for Something Completely Different (1971)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/And_Now_for_Something_Completely_Different" title="And Now for Something Completely Different">And Now for Something Completely Different</a></div>\n<p>The Pythons\' first feature film was directed by <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacNaughton" title="Ian MacNaughton">Ian MacNaughton</a>, reprising his role from the television series. It was composed of sketches from the first two seasons of the <i>Flying Circus</i>, reshot on a low budget (and often slightly edited) for cinema release. Material selected for the film includes: "<a href="/wiki/Dead_Parrot" title="Dead Parrot" class="mw-redirect">Dead Parrot</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Lumberjack_Song" title="The Lumberjack Song">The Lumberjack Song</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Upper_Class_Twit_of_the_Year" title="Upper Class Twit of the Year">Upper Class Twit of the Year</a>", "Hell\'s Grannies", "Self-Defence Class", "<a href="/wiki/How_Not_To_Be_Seen" title="How Not To Be Seen" class="mw-redirect">How Not To Be Seen</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Nudge_Nudge" title="Nudge Nudge">Nudge Nudge</a>". Financed by <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>\'s UK executive <a href="/wiki/Victor_Lownes" title="Victor Lownes">Victor Lownes</a>, it was intended as a way of breaking Monty Python into America, and although it was ultimately unsuccessful in this, the film did good business in the UK, this being in the era before home video would make the original material much more accessible. The group did not consider the film a success.</p>\n<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail_.281975.29"><i>Monty Python and the Holy Grail</i> (1975)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a></div>\n<p>In 1974, between production on the third and fourth seasons, the group decided to embark on their first "proper" feature film, containing entirely new material. <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a></i> was based on <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthurian Legend</a> and was directed by Jones and Gilliam. Again, the latter also contributed linking animations (and put together the opening credits). Along with the rest of the Pythons, Jones and Gilliam performed several roles in the film, but it was Chapman who took the lead as King Arthur. Cleese returned to the group for the film, feeling that the group were once again breaking new ground. <i>Holy Grail</i> was filmed on location, in picturesque rural areas of Scotland, with a budget of only \xa3229,000; the money was raised in part with investments from rock groups such as <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)" title="Jethro Tull (band)">Jethro Tull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>\u2014and UK music industry entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Tony_Stratton-Smith" title="Tony Stratton-Smith">Tony Stratton-Smith</a> (founder and owner of the <a href="/wiki/Charisma_Records" title="Charisma Records">Charisma Records</a> label, for which the Pythons recorded their comedy albums).</p>\n<p>The backers of the film wanted to cut the famous <a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_(Monty_Python)" title="Black Knight (Monty Python)">Black Knight</a> scene (in which the Black Knight loses his limbs in a duel) but it was eventually kept in the movie.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Monty_Python.27s_Life_of_Brian_.281979.29"><i>Monty Python\'s Life of Brian</i> (1979)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Monty Python\'s Life of Brian (1979)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python\'s Life of Brian">Monty Python\'s Life of Brian</a></div>\n<p>Following the success of <i>Holy Grail</i>, reporters asked for the title of the next Python film, despite the fact that the team had not even begun to consider a third one. Eventually, Idle flippantly replied "Jesus Christ \u2013 Lust for Glory", which became the group\'s stock answer once they realised that it shut reporters up. However, they soon began to seriously consider a film lampooning the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> era in the same way <i>Holy Grail</i> had lampooned Arthurian legend. Despite them all sharing a distrust of organised religion, they agreed not to mock Jesus nor his teachings directly. They also mentioned that they could not think of anything legitimate to make fun of about him. Instead, they decided to write a satire on credulity and hypocrisy among the followers of someone who had been mistaken for the "Messiah," but who had no desire to be followed as such. Chapman was cast in the lead role of Brian.</p>\n<p>The focus therefore shifted to a separate individual born at the same time, in a neighbouring stable. When Jesus appears in the film (first, as a baby in the stable, and then later on <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">the Mount</a>, speaking the <a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a>), he is played straight (by actor <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Colley" title="Kenneth Colley">Kenneth Colley</a>) and portrayed with respect. The comedy begins when members of the crowd mishear his statements of peace, love and tolerance. ("I think he said, \'Blessed are the cheesemakers.\'")</p>\n<p>Directing duties were handled solely by Jones, having amicably agreed with Gilliam that Jones\' approach to film-making was better suited for Python\'s general performing style. <i>Holy Grail\'s</i> production had often been stilted by their differences behind the camera. Gilliam again contributed two animated sequences (one being the opening credits) and took charge of set design. The film was shot on location in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, the finances being provided this time by former Beatle <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>, who together with <a href="/wiki/Denis_O%27Brien_(producer)" title="Denis O\'Brien (producer)">Denis O\'Brien</a> formed the production company <a href="/wiki/Handmade_Films" title="Handmade Films" class="mw-redirect">Hand-Made Films</a> for the movie. Harrison had a cameo role as the \'owner of the Mount.\'</p>\n<p>Despite its subject matter attracting controversy, particularly upon its initial release, it has (together with its predecessor) been ranked among the greatest comedy films. A <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> poll in 2005 ranked <i>Holy Grail</i> in sixth place, with <i>Life of Brian</i> at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Monty_Python_Live_at_the_Hollywood_Bowl_.281982.29"><i>Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl</i> (1982)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1982)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_the_Hollywood_Bowl" title="Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl">Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl</a></div>\n<p>Filmed at the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl" title="Hollywood Bowl">Hollywood Bowl</a> in Los Angeles during preparations for <i>The Meaning of Life</i>, this was a concert film (directed by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Hughes_(film_director)" title="Terry Hughes (film director)" class="mw-redirect">Terry Hughes</a>) in which the Pythons performed sketches from the television series in front of an audience. The released film also incorporated footage from the German television specials (the inclusion of which gives Ian MacNaughton his first on-screen credit for Python since the end of <i>Flying Circus</i>) and live performances of several songs from the troupe\'s then-current <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Contractual_Obligation_Album" title="Monty Python\'s Contractual Obligation Album">Monty Python\'s Contractual Obligation Album</a></i>.</p>\n<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Monty_Python.27s_The_Meaning_of_Life_.281983.29"><i>Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life</i> (1983)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life (1983)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life" title="Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life">Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life</a></div>\n<p>Python\'s final film returned to something structurally closer to the style of <i>Flying Circus</i>. A series of sketches loosely follows the ages of man from birth to death. Directed again by Jones solo, <i>The Meaning of Life</i> is embellished with some of Python\'s most bizarre and disturbing moments, as well as various elaborate musical numbers. The film is by far their darkest work, containing a great deal of <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black humour</a>, garnished by some spectacular violence (including an operation to remove a <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> from a living patient without <a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic" title="Anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect">anaesthetic</a> and the morbidly obese Mr. Creosote exploding over several restaurant patrons). At the time of its release, the Pythons confessed their aim was to offend "absolutely everyone."</p>\n<p>Besides the opening credits and the fish sequence, Gilliam, by now an established live action director, no longer wanted to produce any linking cartoons, offering instead to direct one sketch\u2014<i><a href="/wiki/The_Crimson_Permanent_Assurance" title="The Crimson Permanent Assurance">The Crimson Permanent Assurance</a></i>. Under his helm, though, the segment grew so ambitious and tangential that it was cut from the movie and used as a supporting feature in its own right. (Television screenings also use it as a prologue.) Crucially, this was the last project that all six Pythons would collaborate on, except for the 1989 compilation <i><a href="/wiki/Parrot_Sketch_Not_Included_%E2%80%93_20_Years_of_Monty_Python" title="Parrot Sketch Not Included \u2013 20 Years of Monty Python">Parrot Sketch Not Included</a>,</i> where they are all seen sitting in a closet for four seconds. This was the last time Chapman appeared on screen with the Pythons.</p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Secret_Policeman.27s_Ball_benefit_shows"><i>Secret Policeman\'s Ball</i> benefit shows</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Secret Policeman\'s Ball benefit shows">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Members of Python contributed their services to charitable endeavours and causes\u2014sometimes as an ensemble, at other times as individuals. The cause that has been the most frequent and consistent beneficiary has been the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> work of <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. Between 1976 and 1981, the troupe or its members appeared in four major <a href="/wiki/Benefit_concert" title="Benefit concert">fund-raisers</a> for Amnesty\u2014known collectively as the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Policeman%27s_Balls" title="The Secret Policeman\'s Balls">Secret Policeman\'s Ball</a></i> shows\u2014which were turned into multiple films, TV shows, videos, record albums and books. These benefit shows and their many spin-offs raised considerable sums of money for Amnesty, raised public and media awareness of the human rights cause and influenced many other members of the entertainment community (especially rock musicians) to become involved in political and social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2012-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Among the many musicians who have publicly attributed their activism\u2014and the organisation of their own <a href="/wiki/Benefit_concert" title="Benefit concert">benefit events</a>\u2014to the inspiration of the work in this field of Monty Python are <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Geldof" title="Bob Geldof">Bob Geldof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Townshend" title="Pete Townshend">Pete Townshend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2012_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2012-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> The shows are credited by Amnesty with helping the organisation develop public awareness in the US where one of the spin-off films was a major success.</p>\n<p>Cleese and Jones had an involvement (as performer, writer or director) in all four Amnesty benefit shows, Palin in three, Chapman in two and Gilliam in one. Idle did not participate in the Amnesty shows. Notwithstanding Idle\'s lack of participation, the other five members (together with "Associate Pythons" <a href="/wiki/Carol_Cleveland" title="Carol Cleveland">Carol Cleveland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Innes" title="Neil Innes">Neil Innes</a>) all appeared together in the first <i>Secret Policeman\'s Ball</i> benefit\u2014the 1976 <i><a href="/wiki/A_Poke_In_The_Eye_(With_A_Sharp_Stick)" title="A Poke In The Eye (With A Sharp Stick)" class="mw-redirect">A Poke In The Eye (With A Sharp Stick)</a></i>\u2014where they performed several Python sketches. In this first show they were collectively billed as <i>Monty Python</i>. (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> deputised for the errant Idle in a courtroom sketch.) In the next three shows, the participating Python members performed many Python sketches, but were billed under their individual names rather than under the collective Python banner. After a six-year break, Amnesty resumed producing <i>Secret Policeman\'s Ball</i> benefit shows in 1987 (sometimes with, and sometimes without variants of the iconic title) and by 2006 had presented a total of twelve such shows. The shows since 1987 have featured newer generations of British comedic performers, including many who have attributed their participation in the show to their desire to emulate the Python\'s pioneering work for Amnesty. (Cleese and Palin made a brief cameo appearance in the 1989 Amnesty show; apart from that the Pythons have not appeared in shows after the first four.)</p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Going_solo">Going solo</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Going solo">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Each member has pursued various film, television and stage projects since the break-up of the group, but often continued to work with one another. Many of these collaborations were very successful, most notably <i><a href="/wiki/A_Fish_Called_Wanda" title="A Fish Called Wanda">A Fish Called Wanda</a></i> (1988), written by Cleese, in which he starred along with Palin. The pair also appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Bandits" title="Time Bandits">Time Bandits</a></i> (1981), a film directed by Gilliam, who wrote it together with Palin. Gilliam directed <i><a href="/wiki/Jabberwocky_(film)" title="Jabberwocky (film)">Jabberwocky</a></i> (1977), and also directed and co-wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Brazil_(1985_film)" title="Brazil (1985 film)">Brazil</a></i> (1985), which featured Palin, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Baron_Munchausen" title="The Adventures of Baron Munchausen">The Adventures of Baron Munchausen</a></i> (1988), which featured Idle. <i><a href="/wiki/Yellowbeard" title="Yellowbeard">Yellowbeard</a></i> (1983) was co-written by Chapman and featured Chapman, Idle, and Cleese alongside many of their English contemporaries, including <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spike_Milligan" title="Spike Milligan">Spike Milligan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marty_Feldman" title="Marty Feldman">Marty Feldman</a>.</p>\n<p>Palin and Jones wrote the comedic TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Ripping_Yarns" title="Ripping Yarns">Ripping Yarns</a></i> (1976\u201379), starring Palin. Jones also appeared in the pilot episode and Cleese appeared in a non-speaking part in the episode "Golden Gordon". Jones\' film <i><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Viking" title="Erik the Viking">Erik the Viking</a></i>, also has Cleese playing a small part.</p>\n<p>In 1996, Terry Jones wrote and directed an adaption of <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grahame" title="Kenneth Grahame">Kenneth Grahame</a>\'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows" title="The Wind in the Willows">The Wind in the Willows</a></i>. It featured four members of Monty Python: Jones as Mr. Toad, Idle as Ratty, Cleese as Mr. Toad\'s lawyer, and Palin as the Sun. Gilliam was considered for the voice of the river.</p>\n<p>In terms of numbers of productions, Cleese has the most prolific solo career, having appeared in 59 theatrical films, 22 TV shows or series (including <i><a href="/wiki/Cheers" title="Cheers">Cheers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/3rd_Rock_from_the_Sun" title="3rd Rock from the Sun">3rd Rock from the Sun</a></i>, Q\'s assistant in the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_movies" title="James Bond movies" class="mw-redirect">James Bond movies</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Will_%26_Grace" title="Will &amp; Grace">Will &amp; Grace</a></i>), 23 direct-to-video productions, six video games, and a number of commercials.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> His BBC sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Fawlty_Towers" title="Fawlty Towers">Fawlty Towers</a></i> (written by and starring Cleese together with his then-wife <a href="/wiki/Connie_Booth" title="Connie Booth">Connie Booth</a>), is considered the greatest solo work by a Python since the sketch show finished. It is the only comedy series to rank higher than the <i>Flying Circus</i> on the <a href="/wiki/BFI_TV_100" title="BFI TV 100">BFI TV 100</a>\'s list, topping the whole poll.</p>\n<p>Idle enjoyed critical success with <i><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Weekend_Television" title="Rutland Weekend Television">Rutland Weekend Television</a></i> in the mid-1970s, out of which came the Beatles parody <a href="/wiki/The_Rutles" title="The Rutles">The Rutles</a> (responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a> <a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">mockumentary</a> <i><a href="/wiki/All_You_Need_Is_Cash" title="All You Need Is Cash">All You Need Is Cash</a></i>), and as an actor in <i><a href="/wiki/Nuns_on_the_Run" title="Nuns on the Run">Nuns on the Run</a></i> (1990) with <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Coltrane" title="Robbie Coltrane">Robbie Coltrane</a>. Idle has had success with Python songs: "<a href="/wiki/Always_Look_on_the_Bright_Side_of_Life" title="Always Look on the Bright Side of Life">Always Look on the Bright Side of Life</a>" went to no. 3 in the UK singles chart in 1991. The song had been revived by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Mayo" title="Simon Mayo">Simon Mayo</a> on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">BBC Radio 1</a>, and was consequently released as a single that year. The theatrical phenomenon of the Python musical <i><a href="/wiki/Spamalot" title="Spamalot">Spamalot</a></i> has made Idle the most financially successful of the troupe post-Python. Written by Idle, it has proved an enormous hit on Broadway, London\'s West End and also <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ParkerO.27Shea2006_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParkerO.27Shea2006-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> This was followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Not_the_Messiah_(He%27s_a_Very_Naughty_Boy)" title="Not the Messiah (He\'s a Very Naughty Boy)">Not the Messiah (He\'s a Very Naughty Boy)</a></i>, which repurposes <i>The Life of Brian</i> as an <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>. For the work\'s 2007 premiere at the <a href="/wiki/Luminato" title="Luminato">Luminato</a> festival in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> (which commissioned the work), Idle himself sang the "baritone-ish" part.</p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-Python_reunions">Post-Python reunions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Post-Python reunions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Since <i>The Meaning of Life</i>, their last project as a team, the Pythons have often been the subject of reunion rumours.<sup id="cite_ref-ParkerO.27Shea2006_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParkerO.27Shea2006-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> The final reunion of all six members occurred during the <i><a href="/wiki/Parrot_Sketch_Not_Included_%E2%80%93_20_Years_of_Monty_Python" title="Parrot Sketch Not Included \u2013 20 Years of Monty Python">Parrot Sketch Not Included \u2013 20 Years of Monty Python</a></i> special. The death of Chapman in 1989 (on the eve of their 20th anniversary) put an end to the speculation of any further reunions. There have been several occasions since 1989 when the surviving five members have gathered together for appearances\u2014albeit not formal reunions.</p>\n<p>In 1996, Jones, Idle, Cleese and Palin were featured in a film adaptation of <i>The Wind in the Willows</i>, which was later renamed <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Toad%27s_Wild_Ride_(film)" title="Mr. Toad\'s Wild Ride (film)" class="mw-redirect">Mr. Toad\'s Wild Ride</a></i>.</p>\n<p>In 1998 during the <a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_Festival" title="The Comedy Festival">US Comedy Arts Festival</a>, where the troupe was awarded the AFI Star Award by the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a>, the five remaining members along with what was purported to be Chapman\'s ashes, were reunited on stage for the first time in 18 years.<sup id="cite_ref-NilsenNilsen2000_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NilsenNilsen2000-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> The occasion was in the form of an interview called <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_Aspen" title="Monty Python Live at Aspen">Monty Python Live at Aspen</a></i>, (hosted by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Klein" title="Robert Klein">Robert Klein</a>, with an appearance by <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Izzard" title="Eddie Izzard">Eddie Izzard</a>) in which the team looked back at some of their work and performed a few new sketches.</p>\n<p>On 9 October 1999, to commemorate 30 years since the first <i>Flying Circus</i> television broadcast, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC2</a> devoted an evening to Python programmes, including a documentary charting the history of the team, interspersed with new sketches by the Monty Python team filmed especially for the event. The program appears, with a few omissions, on the DVD <i>The Life of Python</i>. Idle\'s involvement in the special is limited, yet the final sketch marks the only time since 1989 that all surviving members of the troupe appear in one sketch, albeit not in the same room.</p>\n<p>The surviving Pythons had agreed in principle to perform a live tour of America in 1999. Several shows were to be linked with Q&amp;A meetings in various cities. Although all had said yes, Palin later changed his mind, much to the annoyance of Idle, who had begun work organising the tour. This led to Idle refusing to take part in the new material shot for the BBC anniversary evening.</p>\n<p>In 2002, four of the surviving members, bar Cleese, performed "<a href="/wiki/The_Lumberjack_Song" title="The Lumberjack Song">The Lumberjack Song</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Sit_on_My_Face" title="Sit on My Face">Sit on My Face</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Concert_for_George" title="Concert for George">George Harrison\'s memorial concert</a>. The reunion also included regular supporting contributors <a href="/wiki/Neil_Innes" title="Neil Innes">Neil Innes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carol_Cleveland" title="Carol Cleveland">Carol Cleveland</a>, with a special appearance from <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a>.</p>\n<p>In an interview to publicise the DVD release of <i>The Meaning of Life</i>, Cleese said a further reunion was unlikely. "It is absolutely impossible to get even a majority of us together in a room, and I\'m not joking," Cleese said. He said that the problem was one of business rather than one of bad feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> A sketch appears on the same DVD spoofing the impossibility of a full reunion, bringing the members "together" in a deliberately unconvincing fashion with modern bluescreen/greenscreen techniques.</p>\n<p>Idle has responded to queries about a Python reunion by adapting a line used by <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> in response to queries about a possible Beatles reunion. When asked in November 1989 about such a possibility, Harrison responded: "As far as I\'m concerned, there won\'t be a Beatles reunion as long as <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> remains dead."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> Idle\'s version of this was that he expected to see a proper Python reunion, "just as soon as Graham Chapman comes back from the dead", but added, "we\'re talking to his agent about terms."<sup id="cite_ref-ChapmanCleese2005_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChapmanCleese2005-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<p>2003\'s <i>The Pythons Autobiography By the Pythons</i>, compiled from interviews with the surviving members, reveals that a series of disputes in 1998, over a possible sequel to <i>Holy Grail</i> that had been conceived by Idle, may have resulted in the group\'s permanent split. Cleese\'s feeling was that <i>The Meaning of Life</i> had been personally difficult and ultimately mediocre, and did not wish to be involved in another Python project for a variety of reasons (not least amongst them was the absence of Chapman, whose straight-man-like central roles in the <i>Grail</i> and <i>Brian</i> films had been considered to be an essential anchoring performance). Apparently Idle was angry with Cleese for refusing to do the film, which most of the remaining Pythons thought reasonably promising (the basic plot would have taken on a self-referential tone, featuring them in their main \'knight\' guises from <i>Holy Grail</i>, mulling over the possibilities of reforming their posse). The book also reveals that a secondary option around this point was the possibility of revitalising the Python brand with a new stage tour, perhaps with the promise of new material. This idea had also met with Cleese\'s refusal, this time with the backing of other members.</p>\n<p>March 2005 saw a full, if non-performing, reunion of the surviving cast members at the premiere of Idle\'s musical <i><a href="/wiki/Spamalot" title="Spamalot">Spamalot</a></i>, based on <i>Monty Python and the Holy Grail</i>. It opened in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and has since played in New York on Broadway, London and numerous other major cities across the world. In 2004, it was nominated for 14 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Awards" title="Tony Awards" class="mw-redirect">Tony Awards</a> and won three: Best Musical, Best Direction of a Musical for <a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> and Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for <a href="/wiki/Sara_Ramirez" title="Sara Ramirez">Sara Ramirez</a>, who played the <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady of the Lake</a>, a character specially added for the musical. Cleese played the voice of God, played in the film by Chapman.</p>\n<p>Owing in part to the success of <i>Spamalot</i>, PBS announced on 13 July 2005 that it would begin to re-air the entire run of <i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i> and new one-hour specials focusing on each member of the group, called <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Personal_Best" title="Monty Python\'s Personal Best">Monty Python\'s Personal Best</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> Each episode was written and produced by the individual being honoured, with the five remaining Pythons collaborating on Chapman\'s programme, the only one of the editions to take on a serious tone with its new material.</p>\n<p>Eric Idle and John Cleese appeared on stage at the end of <i><a href="/wiki/We_Are_Most_Amused" title="We Are Most Amused">We Are Most Amused</a></i>. Idle sang "<a href="/wiki/Always_Look_on_the_Bright_Side_of_Life" title="Always Look on the Bright Side of Life">Always Look on the Bright Side of Life</a>" with the rest of the performers, including Cleese, for the climax. Idle added a couplet dedicated to the Prince of Wales:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>"If Spamalot is hot<br />\nAnd you like it, or per\'aps not.<br />\nA bunch of knights in search of Holy Grails.<br />\nWhen you\'re 60 years of age<br />\nAnd your mum won\'t leave the stage,<br />\nIt\'s good to know that you\'re still Prince of Wales"<br /></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>In 2009, to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the first episode of <i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i>, a six-part documentary entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python:_Almost_the_Truth_(Lawyers_Cut)" title="Monty Python: Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut)">Monty Python: Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut)</a></i> was released, featuring interviews with the surviving members of the team as well as archive interviews with Graham Chapman and numerous excerpts from the television series and films.</p>\n<p>Also in commemoration of the 40th anniversary, Idle, Palin, Jones and Gilliam appeared in a production of <i><a href="/wiki/Not_the_Messiah_(He%27s_a_Very_Naughty_Boy)" title="Not the Messiah (He\'s a Very Naughty Boy)">Not the Messiah (He\'s a Very Naughty Boy)</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>. The European premiere was held on 23 October 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> An official 40th anniversary Monty Python reunion event took place in New York City on 15 October 2009 where the team received a Special Award from the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<p>In June 2011, it was announced that <i><a href="/wiki/A_Liar%27s_Autobiography" title="A Liar\'s Autobiography">A Liar\'s Autobiography</a></i>, an animated 3D movie based on the memoir of the late Python member, Graham Chapman, was in the making. The book <i>A Liar\'s Autobiography</i> was published in 1980 and details Chapman\'s journey through medical school, alcoholism, acknowledgement of his gay identity and the tolls of surreal comedy. Asked what was true in a deliberately fanciful account by Chapman of his life, Terry Jones joked: "Nothing&#160;... it\'s all a downright, absolute, blackguardly lie."</p>\n<p>The film uses Chapman\'s own voice \u2013 from a reading of his autobiography shortly before he died of cancer \u2013 and entertainment channel <a href="/wiki/Epix_(TV_channel)" title="Epix (TV channel)" class="mw-redirect">Epix</a> announced that the film will be released in early 2012 in both 2D and 3D formats. Produced and directed by London-based Bill Jones, Ben Timlett and Jeff Simpson, the new film has 15 animation companies working on chapters that will range from three to 12 minutes in length, each in a different style.</p>\n<p>John Cleese recorded dialogue which was matched with Chapman\'s voice. Michael Palin voiced Chapman\'s father and Terry Jones voiced his mother. Terry Gilliam voiced Graham\'s psychiatrist. They all play various other roles. Among the original Python group, only Eric Idle was not involved.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<p>On 26 January 2012, Terry Jones announced that the five surviving Pythons would reunite in a <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">sci-fi</a> comedy film called <i><a href="/wiki/Absolutely_Anything" title="Absolutely Anything">Absolutely Anything</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-VR1118049265_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VR1118049265-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> The film would combine <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a> and live action. It would be directed by Jones based on a script by Jones and <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Scott" title="Gavin Scott">Gavin Scott</a>. The plot revolves around a teacher who discovers aliens (voiced by the Pythons) have given him magical powers to do "absolutely anything".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> Eric Idle responded via Twitter that he would not, in fact, be participating.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<p>On 19 November 2013, a new reunion was reported, following months of "secret talks".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> It will be a live, one-off stage show at the <a href="/wiki/The_O2_Arena" title="The O2 Arena">O2 Arena</a> in London on 1 July 2014, and according to a press release will contain "some of Monty Python\'s greatest hits, with modern, topical, Pythonesque twists".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> The official website of the event is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montypythonlive.com/">Monty Python Live</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> The tickets for the reunion show went on sale on Monday 25 November 2013 and the first show sold out in just 43 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Five additional shows have been added. They have said that their reunion was inspired by <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> creators <a href="/wiki/Trey_Parker" title="Trey Parker">Trey Parker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Stone" title="Matt Stone">Matt Stone</a> who are massive Monty Python fans.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Python_members">Python members</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Python members">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>\n<p><a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a> was originally a medical student, joining the Footlights at Cambridge. He completed his medical training and was legally entitled to practice as a doctor. Chapman is best remembered for the lead roles in <i>Holy Grail</i>, as King Arthur, and <i>Life of Brian</i>, as Brian Cohen. He died of spinal and throat cancer on 4 October 1989. At Chapman\'s memorial service, Cleese delivered an irreverent eulogy that included all the euphemisms for being dead from the Dead Parrot sketch, which they had written. Chapman\'s comedic <a href="/wiki/Semi-fiction" title="Semi-fiction" class="mw-redirect">fictional</a> memoir, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Liar%27s_Autobiography" title="A Liar\'s Autobiography">A Liar\'s Autobiography</a></i> was adapted into an animated 3D movie in 2012.</p>\n<p><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a> is the oldest Python. He met his future Python writing partner, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a>, in Cambridge. Outside of Python he is best known for setting up the <a href="/wiki/Video_Arts" title="Video Arts">Video Arts</a> group and the widely revered though short-lived sitcom <a href="/wiki/Fawlty_Towers" title="Fawlty Towers">Fawlty Towers</a> (co-written with <a href="/wiki/Connie_Booth" title="Connie Booth">Connie Booth</a> who Cleese met during work on Python and briefly married). Cleese has also co-authored several books on psychology and wrote the screenplay for the award-winning <a href="/wiki/A_Fish_Called_Wanda" title="A Fish Called Wanda">A Fish Called Wanda</a>, in which he starred with Michael Palin.</p>\n<p><a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a>, an American by birth, is the only member of the troupe of non-British origin.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> He started off as an animator and strip cartoonist for <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Kurtzman" title="Harvey Kurtzman">Harvey Kurtzman</a>\'s <i>Help!</i> magazine, one issue of which featured Cleese. Moving from the US to England, he animated features for <i>Do Not Adjust Your Set</i> and was then asked by its makers to join them on their next project: <i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i>. He co-directed <i>Monty Python and the Holy Grail</i> and directed short segments of other Python films (for instance "<a href="/wiki/The_Crimson_Permanent_Assurance" title="The Crimson Permanent Assurance">The Crimson Permanent Assurance</a>", the short film that appears before <i>The Meaning of Life</i>).</p>\n<p>When Monty Python was first formed, two writing partnerships were already in place: Cleese and Chapman, Jones and Palin. That left two in their own corners: Gilliam, operating solo due to the nature of his work, and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Eric Idle</a>. Regular themes in his contributions were elaborate wordplay and musical numbers. After <i>Flying Circus</i>, he hosted <i>Saturday Night Live</i> four times in the first five seasons. Idle\'s initially successful solo career faltered in the 1990s with the failures of his 1993 film <i><a href="/wiki/Splitting_Heirs" title="Splitting Heirs">Splitting Heirs</a></i> (written, produced by and starring him) and 1998\'s <i><a href="/wiki/An_Alan_Smithee_Film:_Burn_Hollywood_Burn" title="An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn">An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn</a></i> (in which he starred), which was awarded five <a href="/wiki/Razzies" title="Razzies" class="mw-redirect">Razzies</a>, including \'Worst Picture of the Year\'. He revived his career by returning to the source of his worldwide fame, adapting Monty Python material for other media. He also wrote the Broadway musical <i><a href="/wiki/Spamalot" title="Spamalot">Spamalot</a></i>, based on the <i>Holy Grail</i> movie. He also wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Not_the_Messiah_(He%27s_a_Very_Naughty_Boy)" title="Not the Messiah (He\'s a Very Naughty Boy)">Not the Messiah (He\'s a Very Naughty Boy)</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> derived from the <i>Life of Brian</i>.</p>\n<p><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a> has been described by other members of the team as the "heart" of the operation. Jones had a lead role in maintaining the group\'s unity and creative independence. Python biographer George Perry has commented that should you "speak to him on subjects as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Bear" title="Rupert Bear">Rupert Bear</a>, or mercenaries in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> or Modern China&#160;... in a moment you will find yourself hopelessly out of your depth, floored by his knowledge." Many others agree that Jones is characterised by his irrepressible, good-natured enthusiasm. However, Jones\' passion often led to prolonged arguments with other group members\u2014in particular Cleese\u2014with Jones often unwilling to back down. Since his major contributions were largely behind the scenes (direction, writing), and he often deferred to the other members of the group as an actor, Jones\' importance to Python was often underrated. However, he does have the legacy of delivering possibly the most famous line in all of Python, as Brian\'s mother Mandy in <i>Life of Brian</i>, "He\'s not the Messiah, he\'s a very naughty boy!", a line voted the funniest in film history on two occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a> attended Oxford, where he met his Python writing partner Jones. The two also wrote the series <i>Ripping Yarns</i> together. Palin and Jones originally wrote face-to-face, but soon found it was more productive to write apart and then come together to review what the other had written. Therefore, Jones and Palin\'s sketches tended to be more focused than that of the others, taking one bizarre situation, sticking to it, and building on it. After <i>Flying Circus</i>, he hosted <i>Saturday Night Live</i> four times in the first ten seasons. His comedy output began to decrease in amount following the increasing success of his travel documentaries for the BBC. Palin released a book of diaries from the Python years entitled <i>Michael Palin Diaries 1969\u20131979</i>, published in 2007.</p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Associate_Pythons">Associate Pythons</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Associate Pythons">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Several people have been accorded unofficial "Associate Python" status over the years. Occasionally such people have been referred to as the <i>7th Python</i>, in a style reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/George_Martin" title="George Martin">George Martin</a> (or other associates of <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>) being dubbed "the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Beatle" title="Fifth Beatle">Fifth Beatle</a>." The two collaborators with the most meaningful and plentiful contributions have been <a href="/wiki/Neil_Innes" title="Neil Innes">Neil Innes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carol_Cleveland" title="Carol Cleveland">Carol Cleveland</a>. Both were present and presented as <i>Associate Pythons</i> at the official Monty Python 25th anniversary celebrations held in Los Angeles in July 1994.</p>\n<div class="thumb tright">\n<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CarolCleveland.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/CarolCleveland.jpg/220px-CarolCleveland.jpg" width="220" height="246" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/CarolCleveland.jpg/330px-CarolCleveland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/63/CarolCleveland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="466" /></a>\n<div class="thumbcaption">\n<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CarolCleveland.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>\n<a href="/wiki/Carol_Cleveland" title="Carol Cleveland">Carol Cleveland</a> as the stereotypical <a href="/wiki/Blonde_bombshell" title="Blonde bombshell" class="mw-redirect">blonde bombshell</a> in the "<a href="/wiki/Marriage_Guidance_Counsellor" title="Marriage Guidance Counsellor">Marriage Guidance Counsellor</a>" sketch.</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>Neil Innes is the only non-Python besides <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a> to be credited with writing material for <i>Flying Circus</i>. He appeared in sketches and the Python films, as well as performing some of his songs in <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_the_Hollywood_Bowl" title="Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl">Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl</a></i>. He was also a regular stand-in for absent team members on the rare occasions when they re-created sketches. For example, he took the place of Cleese at the <a href="/wiki/Concert_for_George" title="Concert for George">Concert for George</a>. Gilliam once noted that if anyone qualified for the title of the "Seventh Python", it would certainly be Innes. He was one of the creative talents in the off-beat <a href="/wiki/Bonzo_Dog_Band" title="Bonzo Dog Band" class="mw-redirect">Bonzo Dog Band</a>. He would later portray Ron Nasty of the Rutles and write all of the Rutles\' compositions for <i><a href="/wiki/All_You_Need_Is_Cash" title="All You Need Is Cash">All You Need Is Cash</a></i> (1978). By 2005, a falling out had occurred between Idle and Innes over additional Rutles projects, the results being Innes\' critically acclaimed Rutles "reunion" album <i>The Rutles: Archaeology</i> and Idle\'s straight-to-DVD <i>The Rutles 2: Can\'t Buy Me Lunch</i>, each undertaken without the other\'s participation. According to an interview with Idle in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> in May 2005, his attitude is that he and Innes go back "too far. And no further." Innes has remained silent on the dispute.</p>\n<p><a href="/wiki/Carol_Cleveland" title="Carol Cleveland">Carol Cleveland</a> was the most important female performer in the Monty Python ensemble, commonly referred to as the "Python Girl." Originally hired by producer/director <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Davies" title="John Howard Davies">John Howard Davies</a> for just the first five episodes of the <i>Flying Circus</i>, she went on to appear in approximately two-thirds of the episodes as well as in all of the Python films, and in most of their stage shows as well. Her common portrayal as the stereotypical "blonde bimbo" eventually earned her the sobriquet "Carol Cleavage" from the other Pythons, but she felt that the variety of her roles should not be described in such a pejorative way.</p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_contributors">Other contributors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Other contributors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Cleese\'s first wife <a href="/wiki/Connie_Booth" title="Connie Booth">Connie Booth</a> appeared in, amongst others, "<a href="/wiki/The_Lumberjack_Song" title="The Lumberjack Song">The Lumberjack Song</a>" and as the "witch" in <i>Monty Python and the Holy Grail</i>. Cleese and Booth later co-wrote and co-starred in <i><a href="/wiki/Fawlty_Towers" title="Fawlty Towers">Fawlty Towers</a></i>.</p>\n<p><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a> was "discovered" by Chapman when a version of <i>Footlights Revue</i> (a 1974 <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC2</a> television show featuring some of Adams\' early work) was performed live in London\'s <a href="/wiki/West_End_of_London" title="West End of London">West End</a>. In Cleese\'s absence from the final TV series, the two formed a brief writing partnership, with Adams earning a writing credit in one episode for a sketch called "<a href="/wiki/Patient_Abuse" title="Patient Abuse">Patient Abuse</a>". In the sketch, a man who had been stabbed by a nurse arrives at his doctor\'s office bleeding profusely from the stomach, when the doctor makes him fill out numerous senseless forms before he can administer treatment. He also had two cameo appearances in this season. Firstly, in the episode <i>The Light Entertainment War</i>, Adams shows up in a surgeon\'s mask (as Dr. Emile Koning, according to the on-screen captions), pulling on gloves, while Palin narrates a sketch that introduces one person after another, and never actually gets started. Secondly, at the beginning of <i>Mr. Neutron</i>, Adams is dressed in a "pepperpot" outfit and loads a missile onto a cart being driven by Terry Jones, who is calling out for scrap metal ("Any old iron&#160;..."). Adams and Chapman also subsequently attempted a few non-Python projects, including <i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Trees" title="Out of the Trees">Out of the Trees</a>.</i> He also contributed to a sketch on the soundtrack album for <i>Monty Python and the Holy Grail</i>.</p>\n<p>Stand-up comedian <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Izzard" title="Eddie Izzard">Eddie Izzard</a>, a devoted fan of the group, has occasionally stood in for absent members. When the BBC held a "Python Night" in 1999 to celebrate 30 years of the first broadcast of <i>Flying Circus</i>, the Pythons recorded some new material with Izzard standing in for Idle, who had declined to partake in person (he taped a solo contribution from the US). Izzard hosted a history of the group entitled <i>The Life of Python</i> (1999) that was part of the <i>Python Night</i> and appeared with them at a festival/tribute in <a href="/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado" title="Aspen, Colorado">Aspen</a>, Colorado, in 1998 (released on DVD as <i>Live at Aspen</i>). Izzard has said that Monty Python was a significant influence on his style of comedy.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Cultural influence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>\n<p>By the time of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Monty Python in 1994, the point was already being made that "the five surviving members had with the passing years begun to occupy an institutional position in the edifice of British social culture that they had once had so much fun trying to demolish".<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> A similar point is made in a 2006 book on the relationship between Monty and philosophy: "It is remarkable, after all, not only that the utterly bizarre <i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i> was sponsored by the BBC in the first place, but that Monty Python itself grew into an institution of enormous cultural influence"<sup id="cite_ref-Hardcastle.26ReischIntro_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardcastle.26ReischIntro-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Groening" title="Matt Groening">Matt Groening</a>, creator and co-developer of the animated sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i>, names Monty Python as an influence and pays tribute through a couch gag used in <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_(season_5)" title="The Simpsons (season 5)">seasons five</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_(season_6)" title="The Simpsons (season 6)">six</a>.</p>\n<p>Monty Python has been named as being influential to the comedy stylings of a great many people including <a href="/wiki/Seth_Meyers" title="Seth Meyers">Seth Meyers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trey_Parker" title="Trey Parker">Trey Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Stone" title="Matt Stone">Matt Stone</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vic_and_Bob" title="Vic and Bob">Vic and Bob</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Cross" title="David Cross">David Cross</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Seth_MacFarlane" title="Seth MacFarlane">Seth MacFarlane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Space">Space</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Space">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>The asteroid <a href="/wiki/13681_Monty_Python" title="13681 Monty Python">13681 Monty Python</a> is named after the group/show.</p>\n<p>In 2010, the commercial space company <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, launched a wheel of cheese into low earth orbit and returned it safely to the earth. <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer" title="Chief Executive Officer" class="mw-redirect">CEO</a> and CTO of SpaceX, claimed this was done as a tribute to Monty Python.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="World_records">World records</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: World records">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>On <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Day" title="St George\'s Day" class="mw-redirect">St George\'s Day</a>, 23 April 2007, the cast and creators of Spamalot gathered in Trafalgar Square under the tutelage of the two Terrys (Jones and Gilliam) to set a new record for the world\'s largest coconut orchestra. They led 5,567 people "clip-clopping" in time to the Python classic "Always Look On The Bright Side of Life" for the Guinness World Records attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".22Pythonesque.22">"Pythonesque"</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: &quot;Pythonesque&quot;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Amongst the more visible cultural influences of Monty Python is the inclusion of terms either directly from, or derived from, Monty Python, into the lexicon of the English language. The most obvious of these is the term \'pythonesque\', which has become a byword in surreal humour, and is included in standard dictionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> Terry Jones commented on his disappointment at the existence of such a term, claiming the initial aim of Monty Python was to create something new and impossible to categorize and that "the fact that Pythonesque is now a word in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> shows the extent to which we failed".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<p>The term has been applied to animations similar to those constructed by Gilliam (e.g. the cut-out style of <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i>, whose creators have often acknowledged a debt to Python, including contributing material to the aforementioned 30th anniversary theme night).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\n<p><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Eats" title="Good Eats">Good Eats</a></i> creator <a href="/wiki/Alton_Brown" title="Alton Brown">Alton Brown</a> cited Python as one of the influences that shaped how he created the series, as well as how he authors the script for each episode.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> Recent episodes even include Gilliam-style animations to illustrate key points.</p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Things_named_after_Monty_Python">Things named after Monty Python</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Things named after Monty Python">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Beyond a dictionary definition, Python terms have entered the <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> in other ways.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python programming language</a> by <a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a> is named after the troupe, and Monty Python references are often found in sample code created for that language. The programming language development environment is named <a href="/wiki/IDLE_(Python)" title="IDLE (Python)">IDLE</a>, the same as troupe member <a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Eric Idle</a>. Additionally, a 2001 <a href="/wiki/April_Fool%27s_Day" title="April Fool\'s Day" class="mw-redirect">April Fool\'s Day</a> joke by van Rossum and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Wall" title="Larry Wall">Larry Wall</a> involving the merger of Python with <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> was dubbed "Parrot" after the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Parrot_Sketch" title="Dead Parrot Sketch" class="mw-redirect">Dead Parrot Sketch</a>. The name "Parrot" was later used for <a href="/wiki/Parrot_virtual_machine" title="Parrot virtual machine">a project</a> to develop a virtual machine for running <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> for interpreted languages such as Perl and Python. Its package index is also known as the "Cheese Shop"<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/Cheese_Shop_sketch" title="Cheese Shop sketch">sketch of the same name</a>. There is also a python refactoring tool called bicyclerepair named after Bicycle Repair Man sketch.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\n<li>In 1985, a fossil of a previously unknown species of gigantic prehistoric snake from the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Riversleigh" title="Riversleigh">Riversleigh</a>, Queensland, Australia. The Australian <a href="/wiki/Palaeontologist" title="Palaeontologist" class="mw-redirect">palaeontologist</a> who discovered the fossil snake was a Monty Python fan, and he gave the snake the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> name of <i><a href="/wiki/Montypythonoides" title="Montypythonoides" class="mw-redirect">Montypythonoides riversleighensis</a></i> in honour of the Monty Python team.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> (Transliterated from Greek \u039c\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c5\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c2 back to English, Montypythonoides means "like Monty Python".)</li>\n<li>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Jerry%27s" title="Ben &amp; Jerry\'s">Ben &amp; Jerry\'s</a>, known for their "celebrity flavours", introduced to the lineup "Vermonty Python", a coffee liqueur ice cream with a chocolate cookie crumb swirl and fudge cows. The name "Minty Python" had been suggested before in 1996 in a contest to select the quintessential British ice cream flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\n<li>In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sheep_Brewery" title="Black Sheep Brewery">Black Sheep Brewery</a> released an <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ale</a> named "Monty Python\'s Holy <s>Gr</s>ail Ale."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\n<li>The band <a href="/wiki/Toad_the_Wet_Sprocket" title="Toad the Wet Sprocket">Toad the Wet Sprocket</a> drew its name from the Eric Idle monologue "Rock Notes" on Monty Python\'s <i>Contractual Obligation Album</i> from 1980.</li>\n<li>The band <a href="/wiki/Boxhamsters" title="Boxhamsters">Boxhamsters</a>, which is the German translation of Brook-Hamster, the winner of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Class_Twit_of_the_Year" title="Upper Class Twit of the Year">Upper Class Twit of the Year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\n<li>A philosophy lecture series entitled <i>Themes in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy as Reflected in the Work of Monty Python</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hardcastle.26Reisch_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardcastle.26Reisch-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\n<li>The term "<a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" title="Spam (electronic)" class="mw-redirect">spam</a>" in reference to bulk, unsolicited email is derived from the programme\'s 1970 "Spam" sketch.<sup id="cite_ref-tools.ietf.org_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tools.ietf.org-70"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\n<li>In the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reptile_Room" title="The Reptile Room">The Reptile Room</a></i> by "<a href="/wiki/Lemony_Snicket" title="Lemony Snicket">Lemony Snicket</a>", the character Uncle Monty was named after Monty Python, in a joke referring to his obsession with snakes.</li>\n<li>Seven <a href="/wiki/Asteroids" title="Asteroids" class="mw-redirect">asteroids</a> are named after Monty Python: <a href="/wiki/9617_Grahamchapman" title="9617 Grahamchapman">9617 Grahamchapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/9618_Johncleese" title="9618 Johncleese">9618 Johncleese</a>, <a href="/wiki/9619_Terrygilliam" title="9619 Terrygilliam">9619 Terrygilliam</a>, <a href="/wiki/9620_Ericidle" title="9620 Ericidle">9620 Ericidle</a>, <a href="/wiki/9621_Michaelpalin" title="9621 Michaelpalin">9621 Michaelpalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/9622_Terryjones" title="9622 Terryjones">9622 Terryjones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/13681_Monty_Python" title="13681 Monty Python">13681 Monty Python</a>.</li>\n<li>The endangered <a href="/wiki/Bemaraha_woolly_lemur" title="Bemaraha woolly lemur">Bemaraha woolly lemur</a> (Avahi cleesei) is named after John Cleese.</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Dead Parrot Society</i> is the title of a comedy CD released in 1993 featuring sketches from <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python\'s Flying Circus">Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</a></i> as well as <a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a>, and The <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Sinfonia" title="Portsmouth Sinfonia">Portsmouth Sinfonia</a> The title is also a play on the 1989 film <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Poets_Society" title="Dead Poets Society">Dead Poets Society</a></i>.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>\n<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_mediagraphy" title="Monty Python mediagraphy" class="mw-redirect">Monty Python mediagraphy</a></div>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Television">Television</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python\'s Flying Circus">Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</a></i> (1969\u201374)</li>\n</ul>\n<dl>\n<dd>The show that started the Python phenomenon. See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_episodes" title="List of Monty Python\'s Flying Circus episodes">List of Monty Python\'s Flying Circus episodes</a></dd>\n</dl>\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Fliegender_Zirkus" title="Monty Python\'s Fliegender Zirkus">Monty Python\'s Fliegender Zirkus</a></i> (1972)</li>\n</ul>\n<dl>\n<dd>Two 45-minute specials made by <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">WDR</a> for West German television. The first was recorded in German, while the second was in English with German <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbing</a>.</dd>\n</dl>\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Personal_Best" title="Monty Python\'s Personal Best">Monty Python\'s Personal Best</a></i> (2006)</li>\n</ul>\n<dl>\n<dd>Six one-hour specials, each episode presenting the best of one member\'s work.</dd>\n</dl>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Films">Films</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Films">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>There were five Monty Python productions released as theatrical films:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/And_Now_for_Something_Completely_Different" title="And Now for Something Completely Different">And Now for Something Completely Different</a></i> (1971)</li>\n</ul>\n<dl>\n<dd>A collection of sketches from the first and second TV series of <i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</i> re-enacted and shot for film.</dd>\n</dl>\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a></i> (1975)</li>\n</ul>\n<dl>\n<dd>King Arthur and his knights embark on a low-budget search for the Holy Grail, encountering humorous obstacles along the way. Some of these turned into standalone sketches.</dd>\n</dl>\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python\'s Life of Brian">Monty Python\'s Life of Brian</a></i> (1979)</li>\n</ul>\n<dl>\n<dd>Brian is born on the first Christmas, in the stable next to Jesus\'. He spends his life being mistaken for a messiah.</dd>\n</dl>\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_the_Hollywood_Bowl" title="Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl">Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl</a></i> (1982)</li>\n</ul>\n<dl>\n<dd>A videotape recording directed by <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacNaughton" title="Ian MacNaughton">Ian MacNaughton</a> of a live performance of sketches. Originally intended for a TV/video special. Transferred to 35mm and given a <a href="/wiki/Limited_release" title="Limited release">limited theatrical release</a> in the US.</dd>\n</dl>\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life" title="Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life">Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life</a></i> (1983)</li>\n</ul>\n<dl>\n<dd>An examination of the meaning of life in a series of sketches from conception to death and beyond.</dd>\n</dl>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Albums">Albums</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: Albums">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_(album)" title="Monty Python\'s Flying Circus (album)">Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</a></i> (1970)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Monty_Python_Record" title="Another Monty Python Record">Another Monty Python Record</a></i> (1971)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Previous_Record" title="Monty Python\'s Previous Record">Monty Python\'s Previous Record</a></i> (1972)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monty_Python_Matching_Tie_and_Handkerchief" title="The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief">The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief</a></i> (1973)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_Drury_Lane" title="Live at Drury Lane">Monty Python Live at Drury Lane</a></i> (1974)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Album_of_the_Soundtrack_of_the_Trailer_of_the_Film_of_Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail">The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a></i> (1975)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_City_Center" title="Monty Python Live at City Center">Monty Python Live at City Center</a></i> (1976)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monty_Python_Instant_Record_Collection" title="The Monty Python Instant Record Collection">The Monty Python Instant Record Collection</a></i> (1977)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian_(album)" title="Monty Python\'s Life of Brian (album)">Monty Python\'s Life of Brian</a></i> (1979)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Contractual_Obligation_Album" title="Monty Python\'s Contractual Obligation Album">Monty Python\'s Contractual Obligation Album</a></i> (1980)</li>\n<li><i>The Monty Python Instant Record Collection, Volume 2</i> (1981)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life_(album)" title="Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life (album)">Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life</a></i> (1983)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Rip_Off" title="The Final Rip Off">The Final Rip Off</a></i> (1988)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Sings" title="Monty Python Sings">Monty Python Sings</a></i> (1989)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Monty_Python_Rip_Off" title="The Ultimate Monty Python Rip Off">The Ultimate Monty Python Rip Off</a></i> (1994)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Instant_Monty_Python_CD_Collection" title="The Instant Monty Python CD Collection">The Instant Monty Python CD Collection</a></i> (1994)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Spamalot" title="Spamalot">Spamalot</a></i> (Broadway version of <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Tim_Curry" title="Tim Curry">Tim Curry</a> as King Arthur) (2005)</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hastily_Cobbled_Together_for_a_Fast_Buck_Album" title="The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album">The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album</a></i> (unreleased)</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Theatre">Theatre</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_(stage_version)" title="Monty Python\'s Flying Circus (stage version)" class="mw-redirect">Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</a></i> \u2013 Between 1974 and 1980 (Live at the Hollywood Bowl was released in 1982, but was performed in 1980) the Pythons made three sketch-based stage shows, comprising mainly material from the original television series.</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Spamalot" title="Spamalot">Monty Python\'s Spamalot</a></i> \u2013 Written by Idle directed by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a>, with music and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/John_Du_Prez" title="John Du Prez">John Du Prez</a> and Idle, and starring <a href="/wiki/Hank_Azaria" title="Hank Azaria">Hank Azaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Curry" title="Tim Curry">Tim Curry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Hyde_Pierce" title="David Hyde Pierce">David Hyde Pierce</a>, <i>Spamalot</i> is a musical adaptation of the film <i>Monty Python and the Holy Grail</i>. It ran in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> from 21 December 2004 to 23 January 2005, and began performances on Broadway on 17 March 2005. It won three <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" title="Tony Award">Tonys</a>.</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_the_Messiah_(He%27s_a_Very_Naughty_Boy)" title="Not the Messiah (He\'s a Very Naughty Boy)">Not the Messiah (He\'s a Very Naughty Boy)</a></i> \u2013 The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Toronto Symphony Orchestra">Toronto Symphony Orchestra</a> commissioned Idle and John Du Prez to write the music and lyrics of an <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> based on <i>Monty Python\'s Life of Brian</i>. Entitled <i>Not the Messiah</i>, it had its world premiere as part of <a href="/wiki/Luminato" title="Luminato">Luminato</a>, a "festival of arts and creativity" taking place 1\u201310 June 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. <i>Not the Messiah</i> was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Oundjian" title="Peter Oundjian">Peter Oundjian</a>, Music Director of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, who is Idle\'s cousin. It was performed by a narrator, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, with guest soloists and choir. According to Idle, "It will be funnier than <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Handel</a>, though not as good".</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Big_Red_Book" title="Monty Python\'s Big Red Book">Monty Python\'s Big Red Book</a></i> (1971) <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413295206" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-413-29520-6</a>.</small></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brand_New_Monty_Python_Bok" title="The Brand New Monty Python Bok">The Brand New Monty Python Bok</a></i> (1973) <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0749311703" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7493-1170-3</a>.</small></li>\n<li><i>Monty Python and The Holy Grail (book) \u2013 M\xf8nti Pyth\xf8n ik den H\xf8lie Gr\xe4ilen (B\xf8k)</i> (1977) <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413385205" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-413-38520-5</a>.</small></li>\n<li><i>MONTYPYTHONSCRAPBOOK/ The Life of Brian</i> (1979) <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413465500" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-413-46550-0</a>.</small></li>\n<li><i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus \u2013 Just The Words</i> Volume 1 (1989) <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413625400" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-413-62540-0</a>.</small></li>\n<li><i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus \u2013 Just The Words</i> Volume 2 (1989) <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413625508" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-413-62550-8</a>.</small></li>\n<li><i>The Complete Monty Python\'s Flying Circus \u2013 All The Words</i> Volume 1 (1989) <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679726470" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-679-72647-0</a>.</small></li>\n<li><i>The Complete Monty Python\'s Flying Circus \u2013 All The Words</i> Volume 2 (1989) <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679726489" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-679-72648-9</a>.</small></li>\n<li><i>The Fairly Incomplete &amp; Rather Badly Illustrated Monty Python Song Book</i> (1994) <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413690008" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-413-69000-8</a></small></li>\n<li><i>Michael Palin Diaries 1969\u20131979</i></li>\n<li><i>The Pythons: Autobiography by the Pythons</i></li>\n<li><i>The Complete Works of Shakespeare and Monty Python. Volume One - Monty Python</i> (1981) <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780413494504" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-413-49450-4</a>.</small></li>\n<li><i>The Life of Brian/Jesus</i> (2011) <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848766280" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-84876-628-0</a>.</small></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Games">Games</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: Games">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus:_The_Computer_Game" title="Monty Python\'s Flying Circus: The Computer Game">Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</a></i> (1990) a computer game released by <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Interactive" title="Virgin Interactive">Virgin Games</a> for 8-bit systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC" title="Amstrad CPC">Amstrad CPC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_ZX_Spectrum" title="Sinclair ZX Spectrum" class="mw-redirect">Sinclair ZX Spectrum</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Complete_Waste_of_Time" title="Monty Python\'s Complete Waste of Time">Monty Python\'s Complete Waste of Time</a></i> (1994) released by 7th Level for PC / DOS</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_%26_the_Quest_for_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python &amp; the Quest for the Holy Grail">Monty Python &amp; the Quest for the Holy Grail</a></i> (1996), official game released by 7th Level. It used footage and imagery from the film, as well as audio clips (some new) and featured an animated version of a scene never filmed entitled "King Brian The Wild".</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life_(video_game)" title="Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life (video game)">Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life</a></i> (1997), also released by 7th Level. According to the jewel case description, it\'s based on the film by the same name, but it\'s really something completely similar yet entirely different.</li>\n<li><i>Python-opoly</i> (2007), a Monty Python-themed property game released by Toy Vault Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\n<li><i>Monty Python Fluxx</i> (2008), a card game released by Looney Labs<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\n<li><i>Blazing Dragons</i></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Fringe" title="Beyond the Fringe">Beyond the Fringe</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_episodes" title="List of Monty Python\'s Flying Circus episodes">List of Monty Python\'s Flying Circus episodes</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recurring_characters_in_Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="List of recurring characters in Monty Python\'s Flying Circus" class="mw-redirect">List of recurring characters in Monty Python\'s Flying Circus</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Complete_Waste_of_Time" title="Monty Python\'s Complete Waste of Time">Monty Python\'s Complete Waste of Time</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Python_(Monty)_Pictures" title="Python (Monty) Pictures">Python (Monty) Pictures</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Spamalot" title="Spamalot">Spamalot</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Goodies" title="The Goodies">The Goodies</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Goon_Show" title="The Goon Show">The Goon Show</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>\n<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">\n<ol class="references">\n<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilliam was born American and obtained British citizenship in 1968. In protest at <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, he renounced his American citizenship in January 2006 and is now only a British citizen. <span id="CITEREF2006" class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/;art772,2004101"><i>Kopflos am Potsdamer Platz</i></a> (in German), DE: Tagesspiegel, 10 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 15 September 2007</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Kopflos+am+Potsdamer+Platz&amp;rft.date=10+February+2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesspiegel.de%2Fkultur%2F%3Bart772%2C2004101&amp;rft.place=DE&amp;rft.pub=Tagesspiegel&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilmut (1980), p. 250.</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Pythons</i> by \'The Pythons\', <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0752852930" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7528-5293-0</a>.</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Todd Leopold (11 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/TV/12/10/monty.python/index.html">"How Monty Python changed the world"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 30 March 2007</span>. "Python has been called "the Beatles of comedy,""</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.aulast=Todd+Leopold&amp;rft.au=Todd+Leopold&amp;rft.btitle=How+Monty+Python+changed+the+world&amp;rft.date=11+December+2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FSHOWBIZ%2FTV%2F12%2F10%2Fmonty.python%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=CNN&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Mark Lewisohn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/m/montypythonsflyi_1299002137.shtml">"Monty Python\'s Flying Circus"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 31 March 2007</span>. "In essence, the Monty Python team are the comedy equivalent of the Beatles."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.aulast=Mark+Lewisohn&amp;rft.au=Mark+Lewisohn&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python%27s+Flying+Circus&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcomedy%2Fguide%2Farticles%2Fm%2Fmontypythonsflyi_1299002137.shtml&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Free. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/01/the-beatles-of-comedy/309185/">"The Beatles of Comedy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_(magazine)" title="The Atlantic (magazine)" class="mw-redirect">The Atlantic</a></i>. Retrieved 23 January 2012</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etonline.com/movies/120548_Holy_Flying_Circus_clip/index.html">\'Holy\' Monty Python History Lesson</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;since March 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>. <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight" title="Entertainment Tonight">Entertainment Tonight</a></i>. Retrieved 24 April 2012</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/news/monty-python-reunion-planned-for-new-movie-68087/">\'Monty Python\' Reunion Planned for New Movie</a>. <i>Christian Post</i>. Retrieved 24 April 2012</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/4141019.stm">"Cook voted \'comedians\' comedian<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">\'</span>"</a>. BBC News. 2 January 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 September 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Cook+voted+%27comedians%27+comedian%27&amp;rft.date=2+January+2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2Ftv_and_radio%2F4141019.stm&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Pythons Autobiography By The Pythons</i>\u2014Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, Michael Palin, John Chapman, David Sherlock, Bob McCabe\u2014Thomas Dunne Books; Orion, 2003</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1377417/index.html">"The Roots of Monty Python"</a>. BFI Screenonline. Retrieved 23 January 2013</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montypython.net/scripts/silliest.php">"The Silliest Interview We\'ve Ever Had / The Silliest Sketch We\'ve Ever Done"</a>. MontyPython.net. Retrieved 23 January 2013</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilmut (1980), p.211</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/montypython/index.shtml">"BBC \u2013 Comedy \u2013 Monty Python"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Comedy+%E2%80%93+Monty+Python&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcomedy%2Fmontypython%2Findex.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-MBC_piece-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MBC_piece_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MBC_piece_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Museum of Broadcast Communications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/M/htmlM/montypython/montypython.htm">"Monty Python\'s Flying Circus"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.aulast=Museum+of+Broadcast+Communications&amp;rft.au=Museum+of+Broadcast+Communications&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python%27s+Flying+Circus&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.tv%2Farchives%2Fetv%2FM%2FhtmlM%2Fmontypython%2Fmontypython.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Monty Python\'s Flying Circus Just The Words</i> Volume 1, p33. Methuen, 1990</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-05-17/how-spam-meat-has-survived-spam-e-mail">"How Spam Meat Has Survived Spam E-Mail"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=How+Spam+Meat+Has+Survived+Spam+E-Mail&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Farticles%2F2012-05-17%2Fhow-spam-meat-has-survived-spam-e-mail&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-FlyingCircusCanada-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FlyingCircusCanada_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FlyingCircusCanada_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FlyingCircusCanada_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FlyingCircusCanada_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Jamie Bradburn, with reference to <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a> article of 1971-02-02 (20 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://torontoist.com/2011/09/vintage-toronto-ads-jack-of-hearts-flying-circus/">"Vintage Toronto Ads: Jack of Hearts\' Flying Circus"</a>. St. Joseph Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 March 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=Jamie+Bradburn%2C+with+reference+to+Toronto+Star+article+of+1971-02-02&amp;rft.aulast=Jamie+Bradburn%2C+with+reference+to+Toronto+Star+article+of+1971-02-02&amp;rft.btitle=Vintage+Toronto+Ads%3A+Jack+of+Hearts%27+Flying+Circus&amp;rft.date=20+September+2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftorontoist.com%2F2011%2F09%2Fvintage-toronto-ads-jack-of-hearts-flying-circus%2F&amp;rft.pub=St.+Joseph+Media&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFLumbard1976" class="citation web">Lumbard (30 June 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/metaschool/fisher/integrity/Links/Cases/gilliam.html">"Terry GILLIAM et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants-Appellees, v. AMERICAN BROADCASTING COMPANIES, INC., Defendant-Appellee-Appellant."</a>. United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.aulast=Lumbard&amp;rft.au=Lumbard&amp;rft.btitle=Terry+GILLIAM+et+al.%2C+Plaintiffs-Appellants-Appellees%2C+v.+AMERICAN+BROADCASTING+COMPANIES%2C+INC.%2C+Defendant-Appellee-Appellant.&amp;rft.date=30+June+1976&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyber.law.harvard.edu%2Fmetaschool%2Ffisher%2Fintegrity%2FLinks%2FCases%2Fgilliam.html&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Court+of+Appeals%2C+Second+Circuit.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-StewartStewart1999-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StewartStewart1999_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">David Stewart; David C. Stewart (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=U3S4AAAAIAAJ"><i>The PBS companion: a history of public television</i></a>. TV Books. p.&#160;216. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57500-050-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57500-050-3">978-1-57500-050-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 September 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=David+C.+Stewart&amp;rft.au=David+Stewart&amp;rft.aulast=David+Stewart&amp;rft.btitle=The+PBS+companion%3A+a+history+of+public+television&amp;rft.date=May+1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU3S4AAAAIAAJ&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-57500-050-3&amp;rft.pages=216&amp;rft.pub=TV+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ouzounian" title="Richard Ouzounian">Richard Ouzounian</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&amp;call_pageid=971358637177&amp;c=Article&amp;cid=1152963371205">Python still has legs</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;since March 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>", <i>Toronto Star</i>, 16 July 2006</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interview with John Cleese on Q-The Podcast with host John Ghomeshi, on 16 July 2009</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/film/newsfeatures/microsites/G/greatest-comedyfilms/index.html">"50 Greatest Comedy Films"</a>. channel4.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 September 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=50+Greatest+Comedy+Films&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Ffilm%2Fnewsfeatures%2Fmicrosites%2FG%2Fgreatest-comedyfilms%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=channel4.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;since March 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-Guardian2012-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2012_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2012_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/02/secret-policemans-ball-new-york-amnesty">Secret Policeman\'s Ball recruits New York\'s finest to Amnesty celebration</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2012</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/">IMDB</a>; as of January 2005; includes pre-release items.</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-ParkerO.27Shea2006-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ParkerO.27Shea2006_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParkerO.27Shea2006_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Alan Parker; Mick O\'Shea (1 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=G49bRxbeH1kC&amp;pg=PA68"><i>And Now For Something Completely Digital: The Complete Illustrated Guide to Monty Python CDs and DVDs</i></a>. The Disinformation Company. p.&#160;68. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932857-31-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932857-31-3">978-1-932857-31-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 September 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=Alan+Parker&amp;rft.aulast=Alan+Parker&amp;rft.au=Mick+O%27Shea&amp;rft.btitle=And+Now+For+Something+Completely+Digital%3A+The+Complete+Illustrated+Guide+to+Monty+Python+CDs+and+DVDs&amp;rft.date=1+April+2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG49bRxbeH1kC%26pg%3DPA68&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-932857-31-3&amp;rft.pages=68&amp;rft.pub=The+Disinformation+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-NilsenNilsen2000-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NilsenNilsen2000_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Alleen Pace Nilsen; Don Lee Fred Nilsen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0ufWAAAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of 20th-century American humor</i></a>. Oryx Press. p.&#160;86. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-218-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-218-8">978-1-57356-218-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 September 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=Alleen+Pace+Nilsen&amp;rft.au=Don+Lee+Fred+Nilsen&amp;rft.aulast=Alleen+Pace+Nilsen&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+20th-century+American+humor&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ufWAAAAMAAJ&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-57356-218-8&amp;rft.pages=86&amp;rft.pub=Oryx+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3093564.stm">Monty Python reunion \'unlikely\'</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, 9 September 2003</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/01/arts/no-3-beatle-reunion-george-harrison-says.html">"No 3-Beatle Reunion, George Harrison Says"</a>. nytimes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-03-06</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=No+3-Beatle+Reunion%2C+George+Harrison+Says&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F12%2F01%2Farts%2Fno-3-beatle-reunion-george-harrison-says.html&amp;rft.pub=nytimes.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-ChapmanCleese2005-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChapmanCleese2005_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Graham Chapman; John Cleese; Terry Gilliam; Eric Idle (15 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3Q-XD02f4oQC&amp;pg=PT328"><i>The Pythons Autobiography by the Pythons</i></a>. Macmillan. p.&#160;328. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-31145-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-31145-2">978-0-312-31145-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 September 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=Eric+Idle&amp;rft.au=Graham+Chapman&amp;rft.au=John+Cleese&amp;rft.aulast=Graham+Chapman&amp;rft.au=Terry+Gilliam&amp;rft.btitle=The+Pythons+Autobiography+by+the+Pythons&amp;rft.date=15+November+2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Q-XD02f4oQC%26pg%3DPT328&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-312-31145-2&amp;rft.pages=328&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/aboutpbs/news/20050713_montypython.html">Exclusive new <i>Monty Python</i> specials slated to premiere in 2006</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" title="Public Broadcasting Service" class="mw-redirect">PBS</a></i>, 13 July 2005</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">mollyblack wrote: (11 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/monty-python-stars-to-stage-reunion-1733638.html">"retrieved 6&#160;July 2009"</a>. <i>The Independent</i> (UK)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 August 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.atitle=retrieved+6%26nbsp%3BJuly+2009&amp;rft.aulast=mollyblack+wrote%3A&amp;rft.au=mollyblack+wrote%3A&amp;rft.date=11+July+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftheatre-dance%2Fnews%2Fmonty-python-stars-to-stage-reunion-1733638.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Independent&amp;rft.place=UK&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bafta.org/access-all-areas/videos/monty-python-special-award,877,BA.html">"Pythons receive BAFTA Special Award"</a>. Bafta.org. 18 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 October 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Pythons+receive+BAFTA+Special+Award&amp;rft.date=18+October+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bafta.org%2Faccess-all-areas%2Fvideos%2Fmonty-python-special-award%2C877%2CBA.html&amp;rft.pub=Bafta.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;since March 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8602765/Monty-Python-back-for-3D-animated-film.html">"Monty Python back for 3D animated film"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (London). 28 June 2011.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.atitle=Monty+Python+back+for+3D+animated+film&amp;rft.date=28+June+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ffilm%2Ffilm-news%2F8602765%2FMonty-Python-back-for-3D-animated-film.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-VR1118049265-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VR1118049265_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Dave McNary (January 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118049265/">"Pic reunites Monty Python members"</a>. Variety.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=Dave+McNary&amp;rft.aulast=Dave+McNary&amp;rft.btitle=Pic+reunites+Monty+Python+members&amp;rft.date=January+26%2C+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2Farticle%2FVR1118049265%2F&amp;rft.pub=Variety&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-207_162-57567885/monty-python-members-to-star-in-new-film-absolutely-anything/">"Monty Python members to star in new film "Absolutely Anything<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. CBS News. February 6, 2013.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python+members+to+star+in+new+film+%22Absolutely+Anything%22&amp;rft.date=February+6%2C+2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2F8301-207_162-57567885%2Fmonty-python-members-to-star-in-new-film-absolutely-anything%2F&amp;rft.pub=CBS+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/EricIdle/status/299587521350864896">"Eric Idle"</a>. Twitter. February 7, 2013.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Eric+Idle&amp;rft.date=February+7%2C+2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FEricIdle%2Fstatus%2F299587521350864896&amp;rft.pub=Twitter&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2511174/Monty-Python-reunion-appear-live-O2-arena-show.html">"Me do a silly walk? Not with this artificial hip says Cleese, aged 74: QUENTIN LETTS sees the wrinkly Pythons announce their last hurrah"</a>. <i>Daily Mail</i>. 21 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 25 November 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.atitle=Me+do+a+silly+walk%3F+Not+with+this+artificial+hip+says+Cleese%2C+aged+74%3A+QUENTIN+LETTS+sees+the+wrinkly+Pythons+announce+their+last+hurrah&amp;rft.date=21+November+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-2511174%2FMonty-Python-reunion-appear-live-O2-arena-show.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-25031520">"Monty Python to reunite for live one-off show in London"</a>. BBC News. November 21, 2013.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python+to+reunite+for+live+one-off+show+in+London&amp;rft.date=November+21%2C+2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-25031520&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/comedy/comedy-news/10464954/Monty-Python-reunite-for-one-off-show-We-can-still-be-funny.html">"Monty Python reunite for one-off show: \'We can still be funny<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">\'</span>"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. 21 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 25 November 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.atitle=Monty+Python+reunite+for+one-off+show%3A+%27We+can+still+be+funny%27&amp;rft.date=21+November+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fcomedy%2Fcomedy-news%2F10464954%2FMonty-Python-reunite-for-one-off-show-We-can-still-be-funny.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/nov/23/monty-python-reunion-o2-london">"Is Monty Python\'s reunion a bit of a joke?"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. 21 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 25 November 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.atitle=Is+Monty+Python%27s+reunion+a+bit+of+a+joke%3F&amp;rft.date=21+November+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Fnov%2F23%2Fmonty-python-reunion-o2-london&amp;rft.jtitle=Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Wilkinson, Peter (November 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/25/showbiz/monty-python-sellout/">"Monty Python reunion show sells out in 43 seconds"</a>. CNN.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Wilkinson&amp;rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Peter&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python+reunion+show+sells+out+in+43+seconds&amp;rft.date=November+25%2C+2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F11%2F25%2Fshowbiz%2Fmonty-python-sellout%2F&amp;rft.pub=CNN&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Lamden (November 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/exclusive_south_park_creators_trey_parker_and_matt_stone_brought_monty_python_back_together_1_3021937">"EXCLUSIVE: South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone \u2018brought Monty Python back together\u2019"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archant" title="Archant">Archant</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=Lamden&amp;rft.aulast=Lamden&amp;rft.btitle=EXCLUSIVE%3A+South+Park+creators+Trey+Parker+and+Matt+Stone+%E2%80%98brought+Monty+Python+back+together%E2%80%99&amp;rft.date=November+21%2C+2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamhigh.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fexclusive_south_park_creators_trey_parker_and_matt_stone_brought_monty_python_back_together_1_3021937&amp;rft.pub=Archant&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">David Morgan (6 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/06/movies/main2071659.shtml">"Terry Gilliam Sounds Off, Director Of \'Brazil\' Says Current Events Parallel His Cult Movie"</a>. CBSNews<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 September 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=David+Morgan&amp;rft.aulast=David+Morgan&amp;rft.btitle=Terry+Gilliam+Sounds+Off%2C+Director+Of+%27Brazil%27+Says+Current+Events+Parallel+His+Cult+Movie&amp;rft.date=6+October+2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.showbuzz.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2006%2F10%2F06%2Fmovies%2Fmain2071659.shtml&amp;rft.pub=CBSNews&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Philip French, Mark Kermode, Jason Solomons, Akin Ojumu, and Killian Fox (22 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,2131880,00.html">"The last laugh: your favourite 50"</a>. <i>The Observer</i> (UK)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 September 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.atitle=The+last+laugh%3A+your+favourite+50&amp;rft.aulast=Philip+French%2C+Mark+Kermode%2C+Jason+Solomons%2C+Akin+Ojumu%2C+and+Killian+Fox&amp;rft.au=Philip+French%2C+Mark+Kermode%2C+Jason+Solomons%2C+Akin+Ojumu%2C+and+Killian+Fox&amp;rft.date=22+July+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilm.guardian.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Ffeaturepages%2F0%2C%2C2131880%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Observer&amp;rft.place=UK&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Sarah Womack (19 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1385293/Life-of-Brian-wins-the-vote-for-film\'s-best-laughter-line.html">"Life of Brian wins the vote for film\'s best laughter line"</a>. London: Telegraph<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 September 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.aulast=Sarah+Womack&amp;rft.au=Sarah+Womack&amp;rft.btitle=Life+of+Brian+wins+the+vote+for+film%27s+best+laughter+line&amp;rft.date=19+February+2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1385293%2FLife-of-Brian-wins-the-vote-for-film%27s-best-laughter-line.html&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Telegraph&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/living-the-dream-eddie-izzard-26586127.html">http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/living-the-dream-eddie-izzard-26586127.html</a></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-Perry-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perry_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Perry, George (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=J_Zg-9u4yLAC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=life+python#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>The Life of Python</i></a>. London: Pavilion Books. p.&#160;6. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85793-441-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85793-441-5">1-85793-441-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 August 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.aulast=Perry&amp;rft.au=Perry%2C+George&amp;rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Python&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_Zg-9u4yLAC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dlife%2Bpython%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=1-85793-441-5&amp;rft.pages=6&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Pavilion+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-Hardcastle.26ReischIntro-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hardcastle.26ReischIntro_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Hardcastle, G.L., &amp; Reisch, G.A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=monty+python#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>What\'s All This Then?" The Introduction"</a>. In Gary L. Hardcastle &amp; George A Reisch. <i>Monty Python and Philosophy: Nudge Nudge, Think Think!</i>. Vol. 19 in Popular Culture and Philosophy series. Chicago: Open Court. p.&#160;8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9593-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9593-9">978-0-8126-9593-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 August 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.atitle=Monty+Python+and+Philosophy%3A+Nudge+Nudge%2C+Think+Think%21&amp;rft.au=Hardcastle%2C+G.L.%2C+%26+Reisch%2C+G.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Hardcastle%2C+G.L.%2C+%26+Reisch%2C+G.A.&amp;rft.btitle=%22What%27s+All+This+Then%3F%22+The+Introduction&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPQelKFNA5MC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dmonty%2Bpython%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8126-9593-9&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pub=Open+Court&amp;rft.series=Vol.+19+in+Popular+Culture+and+Philosophy+series&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Also <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812695933" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8126-9593-3</a></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation interview">Gaydos, Steve (2011-11-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paleycenter.org/2011-fall-saturday-night-live-writers/"><i>Live from New York: A Discussion with the Saturday Night Live Writers</i></a>. Interview with Steve Gaydos.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.aufirst=Steve&amp;rft.au=Gaydos%2C+Steve&amp;rft.aulast=Gaydos&amp;rft.btitle=Live+from+New+York%3A+A+Discussion+with+the+Saturday+Night+Live+Writers&amp;rft.date=2011-11-13&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paleycenter.org%2F2011-fall-saturday-night-live-writers%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Cite uses deprecated parameters (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#deprecated_params" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5mq7vTf06">http://www.webcitation.org/5mq7vTf06</a></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/monty-python-reuniting-10-reasons-2809537">"Monty Python \'reuniting\': 10 reasons it HAS to come back"</a>. "Monty Python would itself go on to influence an entire generation of future comedians, from Eddie Izzard to Vic and Bob."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python+%27reuniting%27%3A+10+reasons+it+HAS+to+come+back&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Ftv%2Ftv-news%2Fmonty-python-reuniting-10-reasons-2809537&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netplaces.com/comedy-writing/lets-get-sketchy/profile-in-comedy-david-cross.htm">"Profile in Comedy: David Cross - Comedy Writing"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Profile+in+Comedy%3A+David+Cross+-+Comedy+Writing&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netplaces.com%2Fcomedy-writing%2Flets-get-sketchy%2Fprofile-in-comedy-david-cross.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation interview">Pollak, Kevin; MacFarlane, Seth (August 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kevinpollakschatshow.com/archive/?p=64"><i>Kevin Pollak Chat Show</i></a>. Interview with Kevin Pollak.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.aufirst=Kevin&amp;rft.aulast=Pollak&amp;rft.au=MacFarlane%2C+Seth&amp;rft.au=Pollak%2C+Kevin&amp;rft.btitle=Kevin+Pollak+Chat+Show&amp;rft.date=August+30%2C+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kevinpollakschatshow.com%2Farchive%2F%3Fp%3D64&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Cite uses deprecated parameters (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#deprecated_params" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2010/12/spacexs-secret-payload.html">"SpaceX\'s \'secret\' payload? A wheel of cheese"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 April 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.atitle=SpaceX%27s+%27secret%27+payload%3F+A+wheel+of+cheese&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Ftechnology%2F2010%2F12%2Fspacexs-secret-payload.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6586187.stm">Spamalot cast sets coconut record.</a></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Monty Pythonesque." Webster\'s New Millennium Dictionary of English, Preview Edition (v 0.9.7). Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 23 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Monty">Pythonesque</a></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Monty Python: Live at Aspen</i>, 1998</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/464765.stm">"Monty Python meets South Park"</a>. BBC News. 4 October 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 September 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python+meets+South+Park&amp;rft.date=4+October+1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F464765.stm&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Marc Berman (27 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/content_display/community/programming-insider/column/e3icbd5f8a8048766fc980ec4910fe71b25">"Mr. TV: Food for Thought"</a>. Mediaweek<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 October 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.aulast=Marc+Berman&amp;rft.au=Marc+Berman&amp;rft.btitle=Mr.+TV%3A+Food+for+Thought&amp;rft.date=27+September+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaweek.com%2Fmw%2Fcontent_display%2Fcommunity%2Fprogramming-insider%2Fcolumn%2Fe3icbd5f8a8048766fc980ec4910fe71b25&amp;rft.pub=Mediaweek&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;since March 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.python.org/about/gettingstarted/">"Python For Beginners"</a>. Python.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-03-03</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Python+For+Beginners&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fabout%2Fgettingstarted%2F&amp;rft.pub=Python.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bicyclerepair.sourceforge.net/">"Bicycle Repair Man, a Refactoring Tool for Python"</a>. Sourceforge.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 January 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Bicycle+Repair+Man%2C+a+Refactoring+Tool+for+Python&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbicyclerepair.sourceforge.net%2F&amp;rft.pub=Sourceforge.net&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A687945">Monty Python \u2013 a Brief History</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 29 January 2002</span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leemichaelwithers.tripod.com/sfh7_16_96.htm">"STAN FREBERG HERE \u2013 British Ice Cream Flavors:"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 October 2010</span>. "Ben &amp; Jerry\'s Ice Cream has just finished a contest to select the quintessential British ice cream flavor.&#160;... They wanted a kind of "pun" flavor along the lines of their successful American flavor, "Cherry Garcia"--hmm, my favorite. Anyhow, the winner was "Cool Brittania."&#160;... But some of the 7500 losers might have been better. How about this, for British flavors: "Minty Python"? "Jack the Ripple"? Or how about "The Rolling Scones"?"</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=STAN+FREBERG+HERE+%E2%80%93+British+Ice+Cream+Flavors%3A&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleemichaelwithers.tripod.com%2Fsfh7_16_96.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1996-07-04/business/9607030986_1_ben-jerry-ice-cream-flavor">"American Scoops Up Prize For Name Of Brit Ben &amp; Jerry\'s \u2013 Orlando Sentinel"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. 4 July 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 October 2010</span>. "If Britain were an ice cream, what flavor would it be? Jack the Ripple? Charles and Diana Split? Those names were floated in a contest run by Ben &amp; Jerry\'s Homemade Inc. to create the quintessential British ice cream flavor, along the lines of its world-famous American flavor, Cherry Garcia."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.atitle=American+Scoops+Up+Prize+For+Name+Of+Brit+Ben+%26+Jerry%27s+%E2%80%93+Orlando+Sentinel&amp;rft.date=4+July+1996&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.orlandosentinel.com%2F1996-07-04%2Fbusiness%2F9607030986_1_ben-jerry-ice-cream-flavor&amp;rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blacksheepbrewery.com/Beers/BottledBeers/HolyGrail.aspx">"Monty Python\'s Holy Grail"</a>. Blacksheepbrewery.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2 January 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python%27s+Holy+Grail&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blacksheepbrewery.com%2FBeers%2FBottledBeers%2FHolyGrail.aspx&amp;rft.pub=Blacksheepbrewery.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boxhamsters.net">"Boxhamsters"</a>. www.boxhamsters.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 August 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Boxhamsters&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxhamsters.net&amp;rft.pub=www.boxhamsters.net&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Eric Barnes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ebarnes/python/python.htm">"Gary L. Hardcastle: Themes in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy as Reflected in the Work of Monty Python"</a>. Mtholyoke.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2 January 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=Eric+Barnes&amp;rft.aulast=Eric+Barnes&amp;rft.btitle=Gary+L.+Hardcastle%3A+Themes+in+Contemporary+Analytic+Philosophy+as+Reflected+in+the+Work+of+Monty+Python&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2F~ebarnes%2Fpython%2Fpython.htm&amp;rft.pub=Mtholyoke.edu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;since March 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-Hardcastle.26Reisch-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hardcastle.26Reisch_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Gary L. Hardcastle &amp; George A Reisch, ed. (2006). <i>Monty Python and Philosophy: Nudge Nudge, Think Think!</i>. Chicago: Open Court. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9593-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9593-9">978-0-8126-9593-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python+and+Philosophy%3A+Nudge+Nudge%2C+Think+Think%21&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8126-9593-9&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pub=Open+Court&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Also <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812695933" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8126-9593-3</a></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-tools.ietf.org-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tools.ietf.org_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2635">"RFC 2635 \u2013 DON\\x27T SPEW A Set of Guidelines for Mass Unsolicited Mailings and Postings (spam*):"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 September 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=RFC+2635+%E2%80%93+DON%5Cx27T+SPEW+A+Set+of+Guidelines+for+Mass+Unsolicited+Mailings+and+Postings+%28spam%2A%29%3A&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc2635&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekid.cgi?id=0003260">"Monty Python\'s Flying Circus on World of Spectrum"</a>. Worldofspectrum.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 August 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python%27s+Flying+Circus+on+World+of+Spectrum&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldofspectrum.org%2Finfoseekid.cgi%3Fid%3D0003260&amp;rft.pub=Worldofspectrum.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toyvault.com/pythonopoly/index.htm">"Toy Vault web site for Python-opoly, retrieved November&#160;20, 2008"</a>. Toyvault.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 August 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Toy+Vault+web+site+for+Python-opoly%2C+retrieved+November%26nbsp%3B20%2C+2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toyvault.com%2Fpythonopoly%2Findex.htm&amp;rft.pub=Toyvault.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fluxxgames.com/">"Web site for Monty Python Fluxx"</a>. Fluxxgames.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 August 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Web+site+for+Monty+Python+Fluxx&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffluxxgames.com%2F&amp;rft.pub=Fluxxgames.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>\n</ol>\n</div>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span class="citation book">Graham Chapman; Jim Yoakum (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8xGcAAAACAAJ"><i>Graham Crackers: Fuzzy Memories, Silly Bits, and Outright Lies</i></a>. Career Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-334-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-334-1">978-1-56414-334-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 October 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=Graham+Chapman&amp;rft.au=Jim+Yoakum&amp;rft.aulast=Graham+Chapman&amp;rft.btitle=Graham+Crackers%3A+Fuzzy+Memories%2C+Silly+Bits%2C+and+Outright+Lies&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8xGcAAAACAAJ&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-56414-334-1&amp;rft.pub=Career+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>\n<li><span class="citation book">Marcia Landy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=J1CxIuG-_NkC"><i>Monty Python\'s flying circus</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3103-3">978-0-8143-3103-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 October 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.aulast=Marcia+Landy&amp;rft.au=Marcia+Landy&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python%27s+flying+circus&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ1CxIuG-_NkC&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8143-3103-3&amp;rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>\n<li><span class="citation book">Darl Larsen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qVa1Hfh11V0C"><i>Monty Python, Shakespeare, and English Renaissance drama</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1504-5">978-0-7864-1504-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 October 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=Darl+Larsen&amp;rft.aulast=Darl+Larsen&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python%2C+Shakespeare%2C+and+English+Renaissance+drama&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVa1Hfh11V0C&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1504-5&amp;rft.pub=McFarland&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>\n<li><span class="citation book">David Morgan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=aTYcAQAAIAAJ"><i>Monty Python speaks!</i></a>. Fourth Estate. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-168-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-168-7">978-1-84115-168-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 October 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=David+Morgan&amp;rft.aulast=David+Morgan&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python+speaks%21&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaTYcAQAAIAAJ&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84115-168-7&amp;rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>\n<li><span class="citation book">Alan Parker; Mick O\'Shea (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=G49bRxbeH1kC"><i>And Now For Something Completely Digital: The Complete Illustrated Guide to Monty Python CDs and DVDs</i></a>. The Disinformation Company. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932857-31-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932857-31-3">978-1-932857-31-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 October 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=Alan+Parker&amp;rft.aulast=Alan+Parker&amp;rft.au=Mick+O%27Shea&amp;rft.btitle=And+Now+For+Something+Completely+Digital%3A+The+Complete+Illustrated+Guide+to+Monty+Python+CDs+and+DVDs&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG49bRxbeH1kC&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-932857-31-3&amp;rft.pub=The+Disinformation+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>\n<li><span class="citation book">George Perry (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=J_Zg-9u4yLAC"><i>The Life of Python</i></a>. Pavilion. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86205-762-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86205-762-3">978-1-86205-762-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 October 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.au=George+Perry&amp;rft.aulast=George+Perry&amp;rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Python&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_Zg-9u4yLAC&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-86205-762-3&amp;rft.pub=Pavilion&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>\n<li><span class="citation book">Roger Wilmut (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=PzxaAAAAMAAJ"><i>From fringe to flying circus: celebrating a unique generation of comedy, 1960\u20131980</i></a>. Eyre Methuen. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-46950-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-46950-2">978-0-413-46950-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 October 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.aulast=Roger+Wilmut&amp;rft.au=Roger+Wilmut&amp;rft.btitle=From+fringe+to+flying+circus%3A+celebrating+a+unique+generation+of+comedy%2C+1960%E2%80%931980&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzxaAAAAMAAJ&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-413-46950-2&amp;rft.pub=Eyre+Methuen&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>\n<li>The Secret Policeman\'s Balls, 3-DVD set (2009)\n<ul>\n<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicforhumanrights.org/news/secret-policemans-balls-dvd-release">"The Secret Policeman\'s Balls DVD Release"</a>. Music For Human Rights. 27 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 August 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=The+Secret+Policeman%27s+Balls+DVD+Release&amp;rft.date=27+January+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicforhumanrights.org%2Fnews%2Fsecret-policemans-balls-dvd-release&amp;rft.pub=Music+For+Human+Rights&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;since March 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Monty Python: 40 Years of Insanity\n<ul>\n<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/34232/monty-python-40-years-of-insanity">"Monty Python: 40 Years of Insanity"</a>. Life.com. 5 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 October 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=Monty+Python%3A+40+Years+of+Insanity&amp;rft.date=5+October+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.life.com%2Fimage%2Ffirst%2Fin-gallery%2F34232%2Fmonty-python-40-years-of-insanity&amp;rft.pub=Life.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;since March 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>The Life of Python \u2013 20 Greatest Monty Python Sketches (40th Anniversary)\n<ul>\n<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnews.com/entertainment/The-Life-of-Python-20-Greatest-Monty-Python-Sketches-110424014489.html">"The Life of Python \u2013 20 Greatest Monty Python Sketches"</a>. Gnews.com. 5 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 October 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python&amp;rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Python+%E2%80%93+20+Greatest+Monty+Python+Sketches&amp;rft.date=5+October+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnews.com%2Fentertainment%2FThe-Life-of-Python-20-Greatest-Monty-Python-Sketches-110424014489.html&amp;rft.pub=Gnews.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>\n<table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;">\n<tr style="height:25px;">\n<td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin:auto;text-align:center;">Find more about <b>Monty Python</b> at Wikipedia\'s <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:25px;">\n<td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pythonesque" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="23" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a></td>\n<td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pythonesque" class="extiw" title="wikt:Pythonesque">Definitions and translations</a> from Wiktionary</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:25px;">\n<td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Monty_Python" title="Search Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td>\n<td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Monty_Python" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Monty Python">Media</a> from Commons</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:25px;">\n<td><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Monty_Python" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></td>\n<td><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Monty_Python" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Monty Python">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:25px;">\n<td><a href="//www.wikidata.org/wiki/16402" title="Search Wikidata"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/25px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/38px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/50px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="590" /></a></td>\n<td><a href="//www.wikidata.org/wiki/16402" class="extiw" title="d:16402">Database entry 16402</a> on Wikidata</td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n<ul>\n<li><span class="official website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pythonline.com/">Official website</a></span></span> , actively maintained by Eric Idle</li>\n<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Arts_and_Entertainment/Performing_Arts/Comedy/Monty_Python/">Monty Python</a> at <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li>\n<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.youtube.com/user/MontyPython">Monty Python</a>&#160;\u2013 Official YouTube page</li>\n<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifilm.com/ifilmdetail/2722886/">Python at ifilm.com</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;since March 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li>\n<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1930296_1967872,00.html">40 Years of Monty Python</a>&#160;\u2013 photo essay by <i>TIME</i> magazine</li>\n</ul>\n<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;">\n<tr>\n<td style="padding:2px;">\n<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;">\n<tr>\n<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">\n<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">\n<ul>\n<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monty_Python" title="Template:Monty Python"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li>\n<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monty_Python" title="Template talk:Monty Python"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li>\n<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Monty_Python&amp;action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div style="font-size:110%;"><strong class="selflink">Monty Python</strong></div>\n</th>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Eric Idle</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a></li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Cleveland" title="Carol Cleveland">Carol Cleveland</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Innes" title="Neil Innes">Neil Innes</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Television series</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python\'s Flying Circus">Flying Circus</a></i>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_episodes" title="List of Monty Python\'s Flying Circus episodes">episodes</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Fliegender_Zirkus" title="Monty Python\'s Fliegender Zirkus">Fliegender Zirkus</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Personal_Best" title="Monty Python\'s Personal Best">Personal Best</a></i></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Filmography</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/And_Now_for_Something_Completely_Different" title="And Now for Something Completely Different">And Now for Something Completely Different</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python\'s Life of Brian">Life of Brian</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_the_Hollywood_Bowl" title="Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl">Live at the Hollywood Bowl</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life" title="Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life">The Meaning of Life</a></i></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Studio albums</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Monty_Python_Record" title="Another Monty Python Record">Another Record</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Previous_Record" title="Monty Python\'s Previous Record">Previous Record</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monty_Python_Matching_Tie_and_Handkerchief" title="The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief">Matching Tie and Handkerchief</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Album_of_the_Soundtrack_of_the_Trailer_of_the_Film_of_Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian_(album)" title="Monty Python\'s Life of Brian (album)">Life of Brian</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Contractual_Obligation_Album" title="Monty Python\'s Contractual Obligation Album">Contractual Obligation</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life_(album)" title="Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life (album)">The Meaning of Life</a></i></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Compilation albums</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monty_Python_Instant_Record_Collection" title="The Monty Python Instant Record Collection">Instant Record Collection</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Rip_Off" title="The Final Rip Off">Final Rip Off</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Monty_Python_Rip_Off" title="The Ultimate Monty Python Rip Off">Ultimate Rip Off</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Instant_Monty_Python_CD_Collection" title="The Instant Monty Python CD Collection">Instant CD Collection</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Sings" title="Monty Python Sings">Sings</a></i></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Live albums</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_(album)" title="Monty Python\'s Flying Circus (album)">Flying Circus</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_Drury_Lane" title="Live at Drury Lane">Live at Drury Lane</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_City_Center" title="Monty Python Live at City Center">Live at City Center</a></i></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Specials</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Parrot_Sketch_Not_Included_%E2%80%93_20_Years_of_Monty_Python" title="Parrot Sketch Not Included \u2013 20 Years of Monty Python">Parrot Sketch Not Included</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_Aspen" title="Monty Python Live at Aspen">Live at Aspen</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Python_Night_%E2%80%93_30_Years_of_Monty_Python" title="Python Night \u2013 30 Years of Monty Python">Python Night</a></i></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Documentaries</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python:_Almost_the_Truth_(Lawyers_Cut)" title="Monty Python: Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut)">Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut)</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seventh_Python" title="The Seventh Python">The Seventh Python</a></i></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Stage productions</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Spamalot" title="Spamalot">Spamalot</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_the_Messiah_(He%27s_a_Very_Naughty_Boy)" title="Not the Messiah (He\'s a Very Naughty Boy)">Not the Messiah (He\'s a Very Naughty Boy)</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_Without_Monty_Python" title="An Evening Without Monty Python">An Evening Without Monty Python</a></i></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Literature</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Big_Red_Book" title="Monty Python\'s Big Red Book">Big Red Book</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brand_New_Monty_Python_Bok" title="The Brand New Monty Python Bok">Brand New Bok</a></i></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Video games</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus:_The_Computer_Game" title="Monty Python\'s Flying Circus: The Computer Game">Flying Circus</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Complete_Waste_of_Time" title="Monty Python\'s Complete Waste of Time">Complete Waste of Time</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_%26_the_Quest_for_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python &amp; the Quest for the Holy Grail">Quest for the Holy Grail</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life_(video_game)" title="Monty Python\'s The Meaning of Life (video game)">The Meaning of Life</a></i></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Characters</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Praline" title="Mr Praline">Mr Praline</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Gumbys" title="Gumbys">Gumbys</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Colonel_(Monty_Python)" title="The Colonel (Monty Python)">The Colonel</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Creosote" title="Mr Creosote">Mr Creosote</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_of_Caerbannog" title="Rabbit of Caerbannog">Killer Rabbit</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recurring_Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_characters" title="List of recurring Monty Python\'s Flying Circus characters">Other characters</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Sketches</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Albatross_(Monty_Python_sketch)" title="Albatross (Monty Python sketch)">Albatross!</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Elk%27s_Theory_on_Brontosauruses" title="Anne Elk\'s Theory on Brontosauruses">Anne Elk\'s Theory on Brontosauruses</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Architects_Sketch" title="Architects Sketch">Architects</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Argument_Sketch" title="The Argument Sketch">Argument</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Bishop_(Monty_Python)" title="The Bishop (Monty Python)">Bishop</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Bruces_sketch" title="Bruces sketch">Bruces</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Cheese_Shop_sketch" title="Cheese Shop sketch">Cheese Shop</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Colin_%22Bomber%22_Harris_vs_Colin_%22Bomber%22_Harris" title="Colin &quot;Bomber&quot; Harris vs Colin &quot;Bomber&quot; Harris">Colin "Bomber" Harris vs Colin "Bomber" Harris</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Crunchy_Frog" title="Crunchy Frog">Crunchy Frog</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Bishop" title="Dead Bishop">Dead Bishop</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Parrot_sketch" title="Dead Parrot sketch">Dead Parrot</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Dirty_Fork" title="The Dirty Fork">Dirty Fork</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Hungarian_Phrasebook" title="Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook">Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Election_Night_Special" title="Election Night Special">Election Night Special</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_Licence" title="Fish Licence">Fish Licence</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Fish-Slapping_Dance" title="The Fish-Slapping Dance">Fish-Slapping Dance</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Yorkshiremen_sketch" title="Four Yorkshiremen sketch">Four Yorkshiremen</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Funniest_Joke_in_the_World" title="The Funniest Joke in the World">The Funniest Joke in the World</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/How_Not_to_Be_Seen" title="How Not to Be Seen">How Not to Be Seen</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_Expedition" title="Kilimanjaro Expedition">Kilimanjaro Expedition</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_sketch" title="Lifeboat sketch">Lifeboat</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_Guidance_Counsellor" title="Marriage Guidance Counsellor">Marriage Guidance Counsellor</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Silly_Walks" title="The Ministry of Silly Walks">Ministry of Silly Walks</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Mouse_Problem" title="The Mouse Problem">Mouse Problem</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Nudge_Nudge" title="Nudge Nudge">Nudge Nudge</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Patient_Abuse" title="Patient Abuse">Patient Abuse</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophers%27_Football_Match" title="The Philosophers\' Football Match">Philosophers\' Football Match</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Piranha_Brothers" title="Piranha Brothers">Piranha Brothers</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Obvious_(Monty_Python)" title="Ron Obvious (Monty Python)">Ron Obvious</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Peckinpah%27s_%22Salad_Days%22" title="Sam Peckinpah\'s &quot;Salad Days&quot;">Sam Peckinpah\'s "Salad Days"</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Seduced_Milkmen" title="Seduced Milkmen">Seduced Milkmen</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Self_Defence_Against_Fresh_Fruit" title="Self Defence Against Fresh Fruit">Self Defence Against Fresh Fruit</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" title="Spam (Monty Python)">Spam</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Inquisition_(Monty_Python)" title="The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)">Spanish Inquisition</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Undertakers_sketch" title="Undertakers sketch">Undertakers</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Class_Twit_of_the_Year" title="Upper Class Twit of the Year">Upper Class Twit of the Year</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_Guidance_Counsellor" title="Vocational Guidance Counsellor">Vocational Guidance Counsellor</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Songs</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/Always_Look_on_the_Bright_Side_of_Life" title="Always Look on the Bright Side of Life">Always Look on the Bright Side of Life</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/Brian_Song" title="Brian Song">Brian Song</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/Bruces%27_Philosophers_Song" title="Bruces\' Philosophers Song">Bruces\' Philosophers Song</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/Decomposing_Composers" title="Decomposing Composers">Decomposing Composers</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/Eric_the_Half-a-Bee" title="Eric the Half-a-Bee">Eric the Half-a-Bee</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/Every_Sperm_Is_Sacred" title="Every Sperm Is Sacred">Every Sperm Is Sacred</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/Finland_(comedy_song)" title="Finland (comedy song)">Finland</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Song" title="Galaxy Song">Galaxy Song</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Bet_You_They_Won%27t_Play_This_Song_on_the_Radio" title="I Bet You They Won\'t Play This Song on the Radio">I Bet You They Won\'t Play This Song on the Radio</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Like_Chinese" title="I Like Chinese">I Like Chinese</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Got_Two_Legs" title="I\'ve Got Two Legs">I\'ve Got Two Legs</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lumberjack_Song" title="The Lumberjack Song">The Lumberjack Song</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/Medical_Love_Song" title="Medical Love Song">Medical Love Song</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_Be_Rude_to_an_Arab" title="Never Be Rude to an Arab">Never Be Rude to an Arab</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell_(song)" title="Oliver Cromwell (song)">Oliver Cromwell</a>"</li>\n<li>"<a href="/wiki/Sit_on_My_Face" title="Sit on My Face">Sit on My Face</a>"</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style="height:2px;">\n<td colspan="2"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related articles</th>\n<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">\n<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_filmography" title="Monty Python filmography">Filmography</a></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hastily_Cobbled_Together_for_a_Fast_Buck_Album" title="The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album">The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Do_Not_Adjust_Your_Set" title="Do Not Adjust Your Set">Do Not Adjust Your Set</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_and_Utter_History_of_Britain" title="The Complete and Utter History of Britain">The Complete and Utter History of Britain</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/At_Last_the_1948_Show" title="At Last the 1948 Show">At Last the 1948 Show</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ripping_Yarns" title="Ripping Yarns">Ripping Yarns</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Irritate_People" title="How to Irritate People">How to Irritate People</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Flying_Circus" title="Holy Flying Circus">Holy Flying Circus</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Weekend_Television" title="Rutland Weekend Television">Rutland Weekend Television</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Have_Ways_of_Making_You_Laugh_(TV_series)" title="We Have Ways of Making You Laugh (TV series)">We Have Ways of Making You Laugh</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Liar%27s_Autobiography:_The_Untrue_Story_of_Monty_Python%27s_Graham_Chapman" title="A Liar\'s Autobiography: The Untrue Story of Monty Python\'s Graham Chapman">A Liar\'s Autobiography: The Untrue Story of Monty Python\'s Graham Chapman</a></i></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n\n\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw1182\nCPU time usage: 1.956 seconds\nReal time usage: 2.105 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 4816/1000000\nPreprocessor generated node count: 18896/1500000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 148550/2048000 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 6806/2048000 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 14/40\nExpensive parser function count: 5/500\nLua time usage: 0.282/10.000 seconds\nLua memory usage: 3.33 MB/50 MB\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:18942-0!*!0!!en!4!* and timestamp 20140525164711 and revision id 609662838\n -->\n<noscript><img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></noscript></div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class="printfooter">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRetrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;oldid=609662838">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;oldid=609662838</a>"\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\'catlinks\' class=\'catlinks\'><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_comedy_troupes" title="Category:British comedy troupes">British comedy troupes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_television_comedy" title="Category:British television comedy">British television comedy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surreal_comedy" title="Category:Surreal comedy">Surreal comedy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monty_Python" title="Category:Monty Python">Monty Python</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virgin_Records_artists" title="Category:Virgin Records artists">Virgin Records artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arista_Records_artists" title="Category:Arista Records artists">Arista Records artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Film_Awards_winners_(people)" title="Category:European Film Awards winners (people)">European Film Awards winners (people)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Charisma_Records_artists" title="Category:Charisma Records artists">Charisma Records artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1969_establishments_in_England" title="Category:1969 establishments in England">1969 establishments in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1983_disestablishments_in_England" title="Category:1983 disestablishments in England">1983 disestablishments in England</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2014" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2014">Articles with dead external links from March 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_cite_templates_with_deprecated_parameters" title="Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters">Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2012" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2012">Use dmy dates from July 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_DMOZ_links" title="Category:Articles with DMOZ links">Articles with DMOZ links</a></li></ul></div></div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class="visualClear"></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<div id="mw-navigation">\n\t\t\t<h2>Navigation menu</h2>\n\n\t\t\t<div id="mw-head">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Monty+Python&amp;type=signup">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Monty+Python" title="You\'re encouraged to log in; however, it\'s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li>\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="left-navigation">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li  id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><span><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python"  title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></span></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li  id="ca-talk"><span><a href="/wiki/Talk:Monty_Python"  title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></span></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 id="mw-vector-current-variant">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</h3>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 id="p-variants-label"><span>Variants</span><a href="#"></a></h3>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class="menu">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id="right-navigation">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 id="p-views-label">Views</h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="ca-view" class="selected"><span><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" >Read</a></span></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="ca-edit"><span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=edit"  title="You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></span></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=history"  title="Past versions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></span></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 id="p-cactions-label"><span>Actions</span><a href="#"></a></h3>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class="menu">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="p-search" role="search">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for="searchInput">Search</label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</h3>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="simpleSearch">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" /><input type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title" /><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton" /><input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if one exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton" />\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</form>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t<div id="mw-panel">\n\t\t\t\t<div id="p-logo" role="banner"><a style="background-image: url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Wiki.png);" href="/wiki/Main_Page"  title="Visit the main page"></a></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class="portal" role="navigation" id=\'p-navigation\' aria-labelledby=\'p-navigation-label\'>\n\t\t\t<h3 id=\'p-navigation-label\'>Navigation</h3>\n\n\t\t\t<div class="body">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="n-contents"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content \u2013 the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="n-currentevents"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="n-randompage"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="n-shoplink"><a href="//shop.wikimedia.org" title="Visit the Wikimedia Shop">Wikimedia Shop</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t<div class="portal" role="navigation" id=\'p-interaction\' aria-labelledby=\'p-interaction-label\'>\n\t\t\t<h3 id=\'p-interaction-label\'>Interaction</h3>\n\n\t\t\t<div class="body">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="n-help"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="n-portal"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="n-contactpage"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact page</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t<div class="portal" role="navigation" id=\'p-tb\' aria-labelledby=\'p-tb-label\'>\n\t\t\t<h3 id=\'p-tb-label\'>Tools</h3>\n\n\t\t\t<div class="body">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Monty_Python" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Monty_Python" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="t-upload"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;oldid=609662838" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="t-info"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;action=info">Page information</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="t-wikibase"><a href="//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16402" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g">Data item</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="t-cite"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Cite&amp;page=Monty_Python&amp;id=609662838" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li>\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t<div class="portal" role="navigation" id=\'p-coll-print_export\' aria-labelledby=\'p-coll-print_export-label\'>\n\t\t\t<h3 id=\'p-coll-print_export-label\'>Print/export</h3>\n\n\t\t\t<div class="body">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="coll-create_a_book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Monty+Python">Create a book</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="coll-download-as-rl"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&amp;bookcmd=render_article&amp;arttitle=Monty+Python&amp;oldid=609662838&amp;writer=rl">Download as PDF</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="t-print"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t<div class="portal" role="navigation" id=\'p-lang\' aria-labelledby=\'p-lang-label\'>\n\t\t\t<h3 id=\'p-lang-label\'>Languages</h3>\n\n\t\t\t<div class="body">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%86" title="\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u2013 Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragon\xe9s</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u041f\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044a\u043d \u2013 Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Catal\xe0</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">\u010ce\u0161tina</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="\u039c\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c5 \u03a0\u03ac\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd \u2013 Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">\u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Espa\xf1ol</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u2013 Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Fran\xe7ais</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%AC%ED%8B%B0_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%BC" title="\ubaac\ud2f0 \ud30c\uc774\ud2bc \u2013 Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">\xcdslenska</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F" title="\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9 \u05e4\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05df \u2013 Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u2013 Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytho_Montium" title="Pytho Montium \u2013 Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latvie\u0161u</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvi\u0173</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u041f\u0430\u0458\u0442\u043e\u043d \u2013 Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%89_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%86" title="\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0649 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u2013 Egyptian Spoken Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="\u30e2\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30fb\u30d1\u30a4\u30bd\u30f3 \u2013 Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Norwegian (bokm\xe5l)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokm\xe5l</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattd\xfc\xfctsch</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Portugu\xeas</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Rom\xe2n\u0103</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u041f\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u043d \u2013 Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Sloven\u010dina</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u041f\u0430\u0458\u0442\u043e\u043d \u2013 Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">\u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0438 / srpski</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python \u2013 Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">T\xfcrk\xe7e</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0456 \u041f\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u043d \u2013 Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E6%8F%90%C2%B7%E6%B4%BE%E6%A3%AE" title="\u8499\u63d0\xb7\u6d3e\u68ee \u2013 Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">\u4e2d\u6587</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\'after-portlet after-portlet-lang\'><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a action="edit" href="//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16402#sitelinks-wikipedia" text="Edit links" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div>\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul id="footer-info">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 22 May 2014 at 12:23.<br /></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>;\nadditional terms may apply.  By using this site, you agree to the <a href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia\xae is a registered trademark of the <a href="//www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul id="footer-places">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="footer-copyrightico">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href="//wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button.png" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation"/></a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li id="footer-poweredbyico">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href="//www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf5/skins/common/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" /></a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style="clear:both"></div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<script>/*<![CDATA[*/window.jQuery && jQuery.ready();/*]]>*/</script><script>if(window.mw){\nmw.loader.state({"site":"loading","user":"ready","user.groups":"ready"});\n}</script>\n<script>if(window.mw){\nmw.loader.load(["ext.cite","mediawiki.toc","mobile.desktop","mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.hidpi","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","mw.MwEmbedSupport.style","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.gettingstarted.assignToken","ext.gettingstarted.anonymousEditorAcquisition","ext.eventLogging.subscriber","ext.navigationTiming","schema.UniversalLanguageSelector","ext.uls.eventlogger","ext.uls.interlanguage"],null,true);\n}</script>\n<script src="//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=site&amp;only=scripts&amp;skin=vector&amp;*"></script>\n<script>if(window.mw){\nmw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":378,"wgHostname":"mw1034"});\n}</script>\n\t</body>\n</html>\n\t'

In []:

r.

Итак, страница Википедии загрузилась даже при питоновских заголовках, но, думаю, что надо научится их подставлять Prepared Requests¶

Whenever you receive a Response object from an API call or a Session call, the request attribute is actually the PreparedRequest that was used. In some cases you may wish to do some extra work to the body or headers (or anything else really) before sending a request. The simple recipe for this is the following:

In []:

from requests import Request, Session

s = Session()
req = Request('GET', url,
    data=data,
    headers=header
)
prepped = req.prepare()

# do something with prepped.body
# do something with prepped.headers

resp = s.send(prepped,
    stream=stream,
    verify=verify,
    proxies=proxies,
    cert=cert,
    timeout=timeout
)

print(resp.status_code)

In []:

User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Dragon/33.0.0.0 Chrome/33.0.1750.112 Safari/537.36
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 
Accept: */*
Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch
Accept-Language: ru-RU,ru;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.6,en;q=0.4
Cookie: __utma=27069237.896935464.1371732565.1371732565.1371732565.1; 

In []:

In []:

proxylist=requests.get("http://hidemyass.com/proxy-list/"

In []:

proxies = {
  "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",
  "https": "http://10.10.1.10:1080",
}

In []:

whatismyip=requests.get("http://www.whatismyip.com/", proxies=proxies)

Далее попробуем код для переключения списка прокси¶

З основу возмем вот этот пост
Python: How to use requests library to access a url through several different proxy servers?

In []:

import requests
import json
with open('proxies.txt') as proxies:
    for pline in proxies:
        proxy=json.loads(pline)
        with open('urls.txt') as urls:
        for uline in urls:
            url=uline.rstrip()
            data=requests.get(url, proxies=proxy)
            data1=data.text
            print data1

Создадим файлы (proxies.txt proxies.txt) для этого скрипта¶

Коментарии в ячейках недопустимы (выдается ошибка)

In [16]:

%%file 'urls.txt'
http://www.whatismyip.com/
http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=python%20requests%20proxy&clid=2051418&lr=213

Writing urls.txt

In [15]:

%%writefile 'proxies.txt' 
{"https": "84.22.41.1.3128"}
{"http": "194.126.181.47:81"}
{"http": "218.108.170.170:82"}

Writing proxies.txt

Проверим, что получилось:

In [17]:

%load 'urls.txt'

In []:

http://www.whatismyip.com/
http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=python%20requests%20proxy&clid=2051418&lr=213

In []:

Посты чуть ниже также могут вас заинтересовать